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NATIONAL REGISTRY OF
NATURAL LANDMARKS 1989
riON
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation
http://archive.org/details/nationalregistryOOnati
NATIONAL REGISTRY OF NATURAL LANDMARKS
Compiled in the Wildlife and Vegetation Division
Natural Landmarks Program, National Park Service
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C.
National Registry of Natural Landmarks
SUMMARY: This notice lists all National natural landmarks currently included on the National
Registry of Natural Landmarks. The listing provides information on each landmarks location,
natural values, designation date, ownership and owner agreement status. In the future only
additions to the list will be published, so this list should be retained for your reference. Federal
agencies should consider the existence and location of national natural landmarks when assessing
the impact of their actions on the environment under Section 102(2)(c) of the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (83 Stat. 852; 42 U. S. C. 4321).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Hardy L. Pearce, Acting Chief, Natural
Resources Program Branch, Wildlife and Vegetation Division, National Park Service, Washington,
D. C. 20013-7172, (202) 343-8100.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Secretary of the Interior established the National
Natural Landmarks Program in 1962 to identify and encourage the preservation of the full range
of ecological and geological features that are nationally significant examples of the Nation's
natural heritage. Potential natural landmarks are identified through studies conducted by or for
the National Park Service (NPS), further evaluated in the field by expert natural scientists, and if
judged nationally significant, designated as landmarks by the Secretary of the Interior. Once a
landmark is designated, it is included on the National Registry of Natural Landmarks, which
currently lists 586 sites.
The Natural Landmarks Program has been administered by NPS since May 18, 1962, with the
exception of the period from January 25, 1978 to May 31, 1981 when it was administered by
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service (HCRS). HCRS was abolished May 31, 1981.
The act of designating a sites a natural landmark is not a land withdrawal and in no way
affects the ownership of the site. It does not dictate the type or intensity of activity that may be
undertaken in a landmark. Landmark preservation is made possible only through the long-term
commitment of public and private owners to protect an area's outstanding values. The
Department encourages owners and managers to protect the nationally significant values of their
landmarks, but this cooperation is voluntary. However, an owner or administrator who agrees to
participate in the National Natural Landmarks Program is expected not to harm the integrity of
the natural values being recognized. An owner who enters into a voluntary agreement with NPS
to protect the landmark is eligible to receive a certificate which recognizes the special status of
the area. A bronze plaque may also be presented for appropriate display on the site.
Federal agencies should considered the existence and location of national natural landmarks when
they assess the effects of their actions on the environment under Section 102(2)(c) of the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (83 Stat. 852; 42 U. S. C. 4321).
NPS prepares an annual report for the Secretary of the Interior to transmit to the Congress
which identifies all national natural landmarks with known or anticipated damage or threats to
the integrity of their resources (90 Stat. 1940; 16 U. S. C. la-5).
National Registry of Natural Landmarks
The National Registry of Natural Landmarks includes nationally significant ecological and
geological features in 48 States, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Of
the 586 landmarks listed on the National Registry of Natural Landmarks, one-half are
administered solely by public agencies, e.g., Federal, State, county, or municipal governments.
Almost one-third are owned entirely by private parties. The remaining are owned or
administered by a mixture of public and private owners.
The following list contains all national natural landmarks included on the National Registry of
Natural Landmarks as of October 30, 1987. The landmarks are arranged alphabetically by State
and county. The number of landmarks in each State is enclosed in parentheses following each
State's name. A description of each landmark's location, natural values, designation date,
ownership, and owner agreement status is provided. Each landmark's designation date is enclosed
in parentheses (), and more than one date indicates that the area's boundary was changed after its
original designation. Ownership data are arranged in the following arbitrary order and do not
reflect the relative amount of land owned by any party: Federal, State, County, Municipal,
Private. An asterisk (*) indicates that the owner(s) of a landmark have entered into a voluntary
agreement to protect the site's natural values.
Because many national natural landmarks are privately owned and/or not managed for public
access, landowner permission must be obtained before a visit is made to them. The specific
location for some landmarks is not provided because of an owner's request for minimum publicity
and/or the fragility of the landmark's natural features.
ALABAMA (7)
Baldwin County
MOBILE-TENSAW
RIVER
BOTTOMLANDS
Extends into Mobile and Washington Counties- -
Extends from Mobile Bay north for 35 miles.
One of the most important wetlands in the Nation
containing a variety of habitats, from mesic flood
plains and freshwater swamps to brackish water
marshes, supporting several rare and endangered
species. (May 1974) Owner: Private, State
Franklin County
*DISMALS
Four miles northeast of Hackleburg. A sandstone
gorge supporting a virgin, disjunct, montane
climax forest containing exceptionally diverse
plant life. (May 1974) Owner: Private
Jefferson County
RED MOUNTAIN
EXPRESSWAY CUT
This 23-acre site, located along the road cut
where U.S. Highway 280 traverses Red Mountain
in Birmingham, exhibits an unusual combination
of stratigraphic and structural features that record
the geological development of this part of the
Southern Appalachian fold belt during Paleozoic
time. In one location, rocks representing a 150
million-year geological record are exposed along a
distance of only about 650 feet, because the strata
are tilted. Structural features clearly displayed
include unconformities and normal faults.
Sedimentary strata represent a range of
depositional environments, from intertidal beach
and mud flat to offshore, open marine conditions.
In addition, the rocks exposed contain a rare
Silurian trilobite species. Excellent public
interpretation of this site provided by the Red
Mountain Museum. (November 1987) Owner:
State
ALABAMA
Limestone County
*BEAVERDAM CREEK
SWAMP
Ten miles northeast of Decatur. A large
protected tupelo gum swamp which occurs in the
Interior Low Plateaus region, rather than its usual
occurrence in the Gulf Coastal Plain region.
(May 1974) Owner: Federal
Madison County
*SHELTA CAVE
Marshall County
♦CATHEDRAL
CAVERNS
Mobile County
MOBILE-TENSAW
RIVER
BOTTOMLANDS
Morgan County
NEWSOME SINKS
KARST AREA
Washington County
MOBILE-TENSAW
RIVERS
BOTTOMLANDS
Within the city limits of Huntsville. A large cave
with an underground lake, noted for its diverse
aquatic fauna.
Four miles northeast of Grant. A series of large
chambers containing impressive stalagmites, totem
poles, dripstone, and flowing underground
streams. (June 1972) Owner: Private
(see Baldwin County)
Between Morgan City and Union Hall. Classic
examples of karst development, containing more
than 40 caves. (November 1973) Owner: Private
(see Baldwin County)
ALASKA (17)
'ANIAKCHAK
CALDERA
(ANIAKCHAK
CRATER)
24 miles southeast of Port Heiden. On of the
largest explosive craters in the world, which
contains Surprise Lake, the headwaters of the
Aniakchak River. (November 1967) Owner:
Federal
ARRIGETCH PEAKS
BOGOSLOF ISLAND
250 miles northwest of Fairbanks. Carved by
glacial ice and running water, they illustrate
several phases of alpine glacier activities. The
Peaks reveal abrupt transitions from metamorphic
to granitic rock, and contain both tundra and
boreal forest. (April 1968) Owner: Federal
25 miles north of Umnak Island in the Aleutian
archipelago. Remnant of three volcanic
eruptions, habitat for over 5,000 Steller's sea
lions, and nesting ground for over 50,000 sea
birds. (November 1967) Owner: Federal
'CLARENCE RHODE
NATIONAL WILDLIFE
RANGE
On the Bering Sea coast between Hooper Bay and
Kipnuk. Excellent example of coastal and upland
tundra habitat, and nesting grounds for over one-
half of the world's population of black brant,
cackling geese and emperor geese. (October 1968)
Owner: Federal, State, Private
ILIAMNA VOLCANO
*LAKE GEORGE
135 miles southwest of Anchorage. Example of a
cone-shaped stratovolcano resembling in past
history, composition, and appearance the
volcanoes of the Pacific Northwest. (January
1976) Owner: Federal
44 miles northeast of Anchorage. Most
impressive "self-dumping" lake in the country.
When the lake outlet is blocked by the Knik
Glacier, the lake swells with water until summer.
Then the dam breaks and the water is dumped in
a spectacular torrent into the Knik River. (April
1967) Owner: Federal
ALASKA
*MALASPINA GLACIER
*MCNEIL RIVER STATE
GAME SANCTUARY
MIDDLETON ISLAND
MOUNT VENIAMINOF
REDOUBT VOLCANO
*SHISHALDIN
VOLCANO
'SIMEONOF NATIONAL
WILDLIFE REFUGE
25 miles west of Yakutat. Largest piedmont
glacier in North America and one of the largest
outside the ice cap regions of the world. (October
1968) Owner: Federal
200 miles southwest of Anchorage. Includes the
mouth of the McNeil River with a series of low
shallow falls which afford good wading and
visibility for brown bears fishing for salmon.
(April 1968) Owner: State
155 miles southeast of anchorage. Significant
illustration of tectonic uplift as a result of
earthquakes, containing important fossil evidence
of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs. April
1968) Owner: Federal, Private
20 miles northeast of Port Moller. Unique active
volcano of uncommon size, an important calving
ground for caribou, and only known glacier of
the continent with an active volcanic vent in its
center. (November 1967) Owner: Federal
1 10 miles southwest of Anchorage. An active
stratovolcano, and the second highest of the 76
major volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and
Aleutian Islands. Visible from Anchorage.
(January 1976) Owner: Federal
50 miles west of Cold Bay in the Aleutian
archipelago. Tallest of known volcanoes of
Unimak Island, active today and completely
unpredictable. (November 1976) Owner: Federal
In the Shumagin Island Group south of the
Alaskan Peninsula. Ancestral hauling ground for
sea otters. (October 1968) Owner: Federal
UNGA ISLAND
500 miles southwest of Anchorage in the
Shumagin Island Group. Fossil forest resulting
from volcanic activity in the Tertiary Period. It
is unknown how these tree specimens came to be
on the island. (April 1968) Owner
ALASKA
♦WALKER LAKE
*WALRUS ISLANDS
WORTHINGTON
GLACIER
250 miles northwest of Fairbanks. Striking
example of the geological and biological
relationships of a mountain lake at the northern
limit of forest growth on the southern slope of
the Brooks Range, supporting a full range of
ecological communities. (April 1968) Owner:
Federal, Private
375 miles southwest of Anchorage in Bristol Bay.
Farthest southern primary haul-out area for
walruses and the only remaining area in the
United States where they haul out in appreciable
numbers. Over 4,000 have been counted here
during the summer. (April 1968) Owner: State
30 miles east of Valdez. Typical small valley
glacier including fine examples of most glacial
features from accumulation area to end moraine.
Probably the most accessible glacier in Alaska.
(October 1968) Owner: Federal, State
AMERICAN SAMOA (7)
AUNUU ISLAND
Off the northeastern coast of Tutuila Island. Site
of recent episodes of volcanism backed by
geologically recent tuff cone. (November 1972)
Owner: Communal lands
CAPE TAPUTAPU
On the western tip of Tutuila Island. Natural
exhibit of shoreline, offshore volcanic rocks and
blowholes sculptured by heavy sea wave action.
(November 1972) Owner: Communal lands
FOGAMAA CRATER
On the southwestern coast of Tutuila Island,
of very few illustrations of the most recent
episode of volcanism in American Samoa.
(November 1972) Owner: Communal lands
One
LEALA SHORELINE
On the southwestern coast of Tutuila Island.
Special young flow of basalt interbedded with
layers of tuff, illustrating erosion by wave action
and covered with dense tropical vegetation.
(November 1972) Owner: Communal lands
*MATAFAO PEAK
One and one half miles south of the city of Pago
Pago. Highest peak of Tutuila Island, one of five
great masses of volcanic rocks extruded as molten
magma during the major episodes of volcanism
which created Tutuila Island. (November 1972)
Owner: Communal lands
•RAINMAKER
MOUNTAIN
Just east of Pago Pago Harbor. One of the same
extrusions as Matafao Peak, and an outstanding
example of several gigantic plugs which created
Tutuila Island. (November 1972) Owner:
Communal lands
VAIAVA STRAIT
On the north-central coast of Tutuila Island.
Classic illustration of steep cliffs and erosion-
resistant outliers formed by wave action on a
volcanic mass. (November 1972) Owner:
Communal lands
ARIZONA (9)
Cochise County
♦RAMSEY CANYON
WILLCOX PLAYA
Seven miles south of Sierra Vista. A vertical-
sided gorge containing a well-defined
microclimatic habitat, which consists of an
extension of Mexican flora and fauna into the
American side of the International Boundary, and
contains plants which normally occur only at
higher elevations. (March 1963) Owner: Private
Eight miles southwest of Willcox. The dry
remnant of Pluvial Lake Cochise whose natural
deposits contain a rich record of climatic effects
and fossil pollen during the pluvial periods of the
Pleistocene. The largest "dry lake" in Arizona.
(May 1966) Owner: Federal
Coconino County
'BARRINGER METEOR
CRATER
KAIBAB SQUIRREL
AREA
Mohave County
GRAPEVINE MESA
JOSHUA TREES
15 miles west of Winslow. The largest impact
crater yet discovered in the United States. Impact
believed to have occurred some 22,000 years ago.
(November 1967) Owner: Private
Located 30 miles south of Fredonia, the Kaibab
Plateau pine forest contains approximately
200,000 acres of pure ponderosa pine in the north
section of Kaibab National Forest and provides
habitat for the Kaibab squirrel. This rare and
restricted species represents a unique form that
evolved by geographic isolation, and so is found
nowhere else in the world. (October 1965)
Owner: Federal
45 miles north of Kingman. Best existing display
of Joshua tree species and a superb sample of
Mohave Desert community. (April 1967) Owner:
Federal, State, Private
ARIZONA
Navajo County
•COMB RIDGE
Santa Cruz County
*CANELO HILLS
CIENEGA
ONYX CAVE
Only known location for tritylodont fossils in
North America, supporting the theory of
continental drift. (January 1976) Owner: Private
(Navajo Indian Nation)
One and one-half miles northwest of Canelo. The
least disturbed extensive southwestern desert wet
grasslands (cienega) along the United States-
Mexican border. The area supports the only
known population of Canelo lady's tresses, and is
one of several areas that support the Gila chub
and Gila sucker. (December 1974) Owner: Private
Seven miles northwest of Sonoita. Considered to
be the finest cave in Arizona. (May 1974) Owner:
Private
PATAGONIA-SONOITA
CREEK SANCTUARY
Adjacent to Patagonia. Permanent stream-bottom
habitat supporting rare aquatic biota, including
the Gila Topminnow. Only known nesting spot in
the country for the rare rosethroated becard.
(January 1970) Owner: Private
ARKANSAS (5)
Desha County
•WHITE RIVER
SUGARBERRY
NATURAL AREA
Four miles northwest of the village of Snow Lake.
Partially virgin forest containing excellent
examples of three bottomland hardwood forest
types and a wildlife population typical of the
forest types present. (December 1974) Owner:
Federal
Fulton County
MAMMOTH SPRING
Northeastern edge of Mammoth Spring village.
Third largest spring in the Ozark Mountains, and
a classic example of a spring originating as a
resurgent subterranean stream. (June 1972)
Owner: State
Mississippi County
*BIG LAKE NATURAL
AREA
Polk County
'ROARING BRANCH
RESEARCH NATURAL
AREA
Saline County
•LAKE WINONA
NATURAL AREA
Three miles east of Manila. Contains a
significant amount of virgin timber, a mix of
southern, Ozark and midwestern flora, and
supports several threatened or endangered bird
species. (December 1974) Owner: Federal
Four miles north of the village of Athens. Steep
ravine contains a virgin mesophytic forest
representing a relict outlier of forests
characteristic of Tennessee, Kentucky, and
Indiana, and plant species rare in the Ouachitas.
(December 1976) Owner: Federal
38 miles west of Little Rock. Large virgin
shortleaf pine forest reminiscent of those that
once covered large areas of Arkansas. (December
1976) Owner: Federal
CALIFORNIA (34)
Amador County
BLACK CHASM CAVE
One mile south-southeast of Volcano. A small
three-level cave containing an outstanding variety
of speleothems and some of the best helictite
formations in the West. (January 1976) Owner:
Private
Contra Costa County
*MT. DIABLO STATE
PARK
El Dorado County
•EMERALD BAY
Imperial County
ANZA-BORREGO
DESERT STATE PARK
31 miles east of Berkeley. Contains the best
examples of diapiric (igneous intrusion) geologic
processes in the South Pacific Border natural
region. One of the few places in the region
where geologic strata of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and
Tertiary age can be seen in an aggregate thickness
of 42,000 feet. The park also possesses a great
diversity of native plant species and associations.
(May 1982) Owner: State
16 miles south of Tahoe City. A vividly colored
oval embayment of Lake Tahoe formed by
moraines left as parallel glaciers receded. An
outstanding example of glacial geology. (October
1968) Owner: State
(see San Diego County)
IMPERIAL SAND
HILLS
SAN FELIPE CREEK
AREA
15 miles west of Yuma, Arizona. One of the
largest dune patches in the United States. An
outstanding example of dune geology and ecology
in an arid land. (October 1986) Owner: Federal,
Private
18 miles northwest of Westmoreland. Marsh area
containing probably the last remaining perennial
natural desert stream in the Colorado Desert.
(May 1974) Owner: Federal, Private
10
CALIFORNIA
Inyo County
•DEEP SPRINGS
MARSH
20 miles southeast of Bishop. Possibly the only
habitat for the black toad and an example of
increasingly rare desert marsh. (May 1975)
Owner: Private
■EUREKA DUNES
FISH SLOUGH
Kern County
SAND RIDGE
WILDFLOWER
PRESERVE
Southern part of Eureka Valley, northwest of
Death Valley National Monument. Excellent
example of dunes in the Great Basin Natural
Region of the United States. Contains a grass
genus listed as endangered and the only species'
capable of surviving on and stabilizing the steep
dune slopes. (June 1983) Owner: Federal
(extends into Mono County)--Eight miles north
of Bishop. Large, essentially undisturbed desert
wetland with rare or endangered desert wildlife
which provides habitat for one native and several
introduced endangered species. (May 1975)
Owner: Federal, State, Municipal, Private
Located 10 miles southeast of Bakersfield. It is
significant due to its botanical diversity. Native
Bakersfield cactus is becoming increasingly rare
in this locality. The site is a remnant natural area
displaying scores of spectacular floral species.
(December 1984) Owner: Private
SHARKTOOTH HILL
One of the most abundant, diverse and well-
preserved fossil marine vertebrate sites in the
world. (May 1976) Owner: Private
Los Angeles County
•RANCHO LA BREA
Marin County
•AUDUBON CANYON
RANCH
Hancock Park, Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles.
World-famous natural asphalt tar pits in which
Pleistocene animals became entrapped in their
quest for fresh water. (March 1964) Owner:
Municipal
20 miles northeast of San Francisco. Largest
known nesting area for great blue herons and
habitat for American egrets on the West Coast.
(October 1968) Owner: Private
CALIFORNIA
Mendocino County
*ELDER CREEK
PYGMY FOREST
Mono County
FISH SLOUGH
Four miles north of Branscomb. Largely
undisturbed and containing large old stands of
Douglas fir, broadleaf evergreens, and deciduous
trees as well as wide variety of wildlife. (March
1964) Owner: Private
Five miles south of Fort Bragg. Unique forests of
low, stunted trees and shrubs caused by complex
ecological conditions associated with underlying
wave terraces and their unusual soils. (June 1969,
November 1973) Owner: State
(see Inyo County)
Monterey County
*POINT LOBOS
Ten miles south of Monterey. An outstanding
example of terrestrial and marine environments in
close association, the only known habitat of
Monterey cypress and variegated Brodiaea, and
one of only two or three areas containing the
Gowan's cypress and sea otter. It is a sanctuary
for thousands of sea and shore birds. (April
1967) Owner: State
Riverside County
ANZA-BORREGO
DESERT PARK
Sacramento County
AMERICAN RIVER
BLUFFS AND
PHOENIX PARK
VERNAL POOLS
(see San Diego County)
Near Fair Oaks. Contains outstanding examples
of rare plant community types--the blue oak
woodlands and vernal pools. (January 1976)
Owner: Federal, County, Private
12
CALIFORNIA
COSUMNES RIVER
RIPARIAN
WOODLANDS
Southeast of Sacramento. Small remnant of a
rapidly disappearing riparian woodland
community type that once formed a major part of
the California Central Valley. (January 1976)
Owner: Private
San Benito County
*SAN ANDREAS
San Bernardino County
AMBOY CRATER
CINDER CONE
NATURAL AREA
Eight miles south of Hollister. One of the best
locations illustrating earth displacement caused by
small crustal movements is at the Cienega Winery
where one-half of a building has moved eight
inches in nine years. (April 1965) Owner: Private
Just west of the town of Amboy. Excellent
example of a recent volcanic cinder cone with an
unusually flat crater floor. (May 1973) Owner:
Federal, Private
24 miles east of Baker. A complex of over 20
large cinder cones of recent origin with extensive
and continuous lava flows. (May 1973) Owner:
FederaLState
♦MITCHELL CAVERN
AND WINDING STAIR
CAVE
23 miles northwest of Essex. Most important
solution caverns known in the Mohave Desert
region developed in the Bird Spring Formation of
Permian age. Other caves are located within the
landmark boundary. (May 1975) Owner:
State
♦RAINBOW BASIN
Eight miles north of Barstow. Contains
significant fossil evidence of insects, larger
Micoene mammals and mammal tracks, as well as
deep erosion canyons with rugged rims. An
outstanding example of geologic processes. (April
1966) Owner: Federal
13
CALIFORNIA
*TRONA PINNACLES
TURTLE MOUNTAINS
NATURAL AREA
Seven miles south of Argus. Relict landform
from Pleistocene containing unique formations of
calcium carbonate known as "Tufa". (November
1967) Owner: Federal
30 miles south-southwest of Needles. Two
mountain sections entirely different in
composition which illustrate past volcanic
phenomena with superimposed sculpturing of
mountain landformations by weathering and
uplift. (May 1973) Owner: Federal, State
San Diego County
ANZA-BORREGO
DESERT STATE PARK
MIRAMAR MOUNDS
TIJUANA RIVER
ESTUARY
(extends into Imperial and Riverside Counties) —
Almost all of this site is in eastern San Diego
County. Largest desert State park in the Nation,
it contains some of the best examples of the
various desert biotic communities in the Colorado
Desert and excellent examples of desert geological
phenomena.
(May 1974) Owner: State, Municipal, Private
12 miles north of central San Diego. This area
includes features called "mima mounds" which are
found in only three or four locations in the
country. Contains rare vernal pools found only in
California. (June 1972) Owner: Federal
Between the city of Imperial Beach and the
United States-Mexican International Boundary.
One of the finest remaining saltwater marshes on
the California coastline, containing three species
of endangered birds and an important habitat for
other wildlife, especially waterfowl. (May 1973)
Owner: Federal, State, Municipal, Private
TORREY PINES STATE
RESERVE
Along the northwestern edge of San Diego city
limits. Unique and undisturbed biological
community supporting endangered bird species.
Torrey pine forests occur naturally only here and
on Santa Rosa Island, 175 miles to the northwest.
High bluffs and sea cliffs are examples of
geological processes. (May 1977) Owner: State
14
CALIFORNIA
San Luis Obispo County
NIPOMO DUNES- POINT
SAL COASTAL AREA
(extends into Santa Barbara County)- -Extends
from Pismo Beach south for 17 miles. Contains
the largest, relatively undisturbed coastal dune
tract in California, supporting both rare and
endangered plants and animals and great species
diversity. Also contains one of the last remaining
tracts of pristine rocky coastline in the South
Coast Ranges. (May 1974) Owner: Federal, State,
County, Private
San Mateo County
*ANO NUEVO POINT
AND ISLAND
Santa Barbara County
NIPOMO DUNES- POINT
SAL COASTAL AREA
20 miles north of Santa Cruz. The only mainland
breeding ground for the northern elephant seal in
the world; also habitat for Steller sea lions,
California sea lions, and harbor seals. The
processes of wave cutting, geologic uplift, and sea
level fluctuation are well represented along Ano
Nuevo Point. (August 1980) Owner: State
(see San Diego County)
Shasta County
BURNEY FALLS
80 miles northeast of Redding within the
McArthur-Burney Falls State Park. It is one of
the best examples in the western United States of
river drainage regulated by stratigraphically-
controlled springs, and also of a waterfall formed
by undercutting of horizontal rock layers.
(December 1984) Owner: State
Siskiyou County
♦MOUNT SHASTA
60 miles north of Redding. One of the world's
largest and most impressive stratovolcanoes
containing five glaciers and consisting of four
distinct but overlapping cones. Second highest of
the 15 main volcanoes in the Cascade Range; only
Mt. Rainier is higher. (December 1976) Owner:
Federal
15
CALIFORNIA
Solano County
DIXON VERNAL POOLS
Tulare County
♦PIXLEY VERNAL
POOLS
This 15,200 acre site, located approximately 15
miles south of Dixon, represents the best example
of the Valley Needlegrass Grassland in the Great
Central Valley of the South Pacific Border
Natural Region. There are only three sites of
Valley Needlegrass Grassland remaining today.
The site contains extensive stands of perennial
needlegrass in a mosiac with claypan vernal pools,
another critically rare natural community. The
rolling hummocky topography results in a
complex patchwork of grasses and native
wildf lowers. (May 1967) Owner: Private
Six miles northeast of Pixley. One group of the
few remaining natural vernal pools containing
certain endemic plant species. Over 26 families
and 100 species are represented here. (November
1975) Owner: Private
16
COLORADO (11)
Clear Creek County
•SUMMIT LAKE
Douglas County
*ROXBOROUGH STATE
PARK
El Paso County
♦GARDEN OF THE
GODS
Fremont County
GARDEN PARK FOSSIL
AREA
13 miles south-southwest of Idaho Springs.
Habitat for a variety of rare alpine-arctic plants,
some of which occur only here and at the Arctic
Circle. (April 1965) Owner: County, Municipal
20 miles southwest of Denver. Excellent example
of the tilted and faulted sedimentary strata of the
Colorado Front Range environment; contains fine
exposures of hogbacks, unusual erosional patterns
in Fountain Sandstone, and atypical occurrences
of at least two front-range plant communities.
(April 1980) Owner: State
Ten miles northeast of Pikes Peak. Outstanding
illustration of the results of uplifting forces that
produced the Front Range of the Rocky
Mountains to the west, containing uncommon
honey ants, and one of the best Colorado habitats
for white-throated swifts, swallows, and canyon
wrens. (October 1971) Owner: Municipal
One of the oldest and richest sites containing
dinosaur, fish, crocodile, turtle, and mammal
fossils in the United States. (November 1973)
Owner: Federal
'INDIAN SPRINGS
TRACE FOSSIL SITE
Best trace fossil locality in North America for
illustrating the markings and movements of
ancient Ordovician animal life. (March 1979)
Owner: Private
Hinsdale County
SLUMGUILLION
EARTHFLOW
Two miles south of Lake City. Seven-hundred-
year-old, 1,000-acre landflow composed of
volcanic rock which formed a dam that created
Lake San Cristobal. A younger landflow,
currently active,, is moving as much as 20 feet
per year along the path of the earlier flow.
(October 1965) Owner: Federal, Private
17
COLORADO
Huerfano County
SPANISH PEAKS
Jefferson County
MORRISON FOSSIL
AREA
Las Animas County
RATON MESA
(extends into Las Animas County)--25 miles
southwest of Walsenburg. One of the best
exposed examples of igneous dikes known; dikes
are formed when molten igneous material is
forced into a fracture or fault before becoming
solidified. There may be over 500 such dikes in
the area. (January 1976) Owner: Federal, Private
Just north of Morrison. First major site for
discovery, in 1877, of giant dinosaur fossil bones,
seven of which were newly discovered species.
(December 1973) Owner: Municipal, Private
Ten miles south of Trinidad. Illustration of a
mesa preserved by a thick lava cap which has
resisted destruction from weathering and erosion.
Only significant reference available illustrating
the magnitude of erosion involved in developing
the land surface of the Great Plains adjacent to
the lower foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
(April 1967) Owner: Private
Park County
*LOST CREEK SCENIC
AREA
Saguache County
RUSSELL LAKES
40 miles southwest of Denver. Illustrates structure
of land through weathering along joint planes,
and contains spires, pinnacles, narrow ridges and
steep narrow gorges. Lost Creek disappears and
reappears at the surface at least nine times.
(October 1966)
Ten miles south of Saguache. The most extensive
bullrush marsh in Colorado, this area contains a
number of shallow, largely alkaline lakes and
supports large numbers of flora and fauna. The
area is also an outstanding resting and breeding
habitat for waterfowl. (May 1975) Owner:
Private
18
CONNECTICUT (8)
Hartford County
♦DINOSAUR
TRACKWAY
MCLEAN GAME
REFUGE NATURAL
AREA
Five miles south of Hartford. One of the largest
known exposures of dinosaur tracks on a single
bedding plane. From some 1 ,000 fossilized
tracks, at least three types of reptiles have been
identified. (April 1968) Owner: State
Four miles north northwest of Simsbury. Two
separate land tracts representing an excellent
forest in southern New England, containing
evidence of glacial activity and considerable
species diversity. (November 1973) Owner:
Private
Litchfield County
BARTHOLOMEW'S
COBBLE
*BECKLEY BOG
(extends into Berkshire County, Massachusetts)--
One mile west of Ashley Falls, Massachusetts.
Greatest natural concentration of ferns in the
United States, containing 43 fern species and a
remarkable assemblage of plants and animals.
(October 1971) Owner: Private
Two and one-half miles southeast of Norfolk.
The most southerly sphagnum-heath-black spruce
bog in New England where peat moss underlies
the bog up to a maximum depth of 51 feet. (May
1977) Owner: Private
BINGHAM POND BOG
One mile east of the New York State boundary.
Extremely rare in Connecticut, here is an
undisturbed cold northern spruce bog which is
atypical due to the lack of sphagnum moss as a
component of the floating mat on the bog. (May
1973) Owner: Private
'CATHEDRAL PINES
Near the southeast corner of Cornwall in the
Berkshire Hills region. An old-growth white pine
and hemlock forest which is the most massive
single stand identified in the New England-
Adirondacks natural region. (May 1982) Owner:
Private
19
CONNECTICUT
Middlesex County
CHESTER CEDAR
SWAMP
New London County
PACHAUG-GREAT
MEADOW SWAMP
Two miles west-southwest of Chester. One of
two finest remaining Atlantic white cedar swamps
in Connecticut and an outstanding second-growth
wooded swampland containing a small elongated
pond with its adjacent bogland and some upland
forest. (May 1973) Owner: State, Private
One and one-half miles northeast of Voluntown.
Most extensive Atlantic white cedar swamp in
Connecticut, and one of the two best, the area
includes the Pachaug River and the Great
Meadow Brook. (May 1973) Owner: State, Private
20
FLORIDA (18)
Alachua County
•DEVILS MILLHOPPER
Six miles northwest of Gainesville. An excellent
example of karst topography in the Southeast and
an important cultural and historic site in the
Alachua area. The generally dry sink is an
example of several ecosystems with many
microhabitats and major plant associations which
demonstrate vertical zonation (December 1974)
Owner: State
PAYNES PRAIRIE
SAN FELASCO
HAMMOCK
Baker County
*OSCEOLA RESEARCH
NATURAL AREA
Southern edge of Gainesville. Largest and most
diverse freshwater marsh in northern Florida and
a major wintering ground for many species of
waterfowl as well as habitat for other wildlife,
including two endangered species. A superlative
example of prairie formation in a karst area;
contains the Alachua Sink, one of Florida's largest
and most famous sinks. (December 1974) Owner:
State, Private
The center of the site is nine miles northwest of
Gainesville. Largest remaining example of
northern Florida's climax forest ecosystem, the
upland mesic hammock, containing an
extraordinary diversity of botanical resources
supporting high quality woodland wildlife habitat.
(December 1974) Owner: State, Private
29 miles northeast of Lake City. Includes an
undistributed mixed hardwood swamp with
associated pine flatwoods and cypress swamp.
The flatwoods are excellent wildlife habitat, and
the presence of virgin cypress is a rare feature.
(December 1974) Owner: Federal
Collier County
*BIG CYPRESS BEND
One mile west of State Route 29 on Tamiami
Trail (U.S. 41). Includes about 215 acres of
undisturbed virgin cypress, sawgrass prairie and
palmetto hammocks. (October 1966) Owner: State
21
FLORIDA
CORKSCREW SWAMP
SANCTUARY
25 miles southeast of Fort Myers. Largest
remaining stand of virgin bald cypress in North
America, containing a wide variety of flora,
including pond cypress, wet prairie and pineland,
and sanctuary for a large wildlife population.
(March 1964) Owner: Private
Columbia County
TCHETUCKNEE
SPRINGS
(extends into Suwanee County)--Ichetucknee
Springs State Park, 22 miles southwest of Lake
City. Illustration of a large artesian spring group
and the geologic history of the Floridian aquifer
from which Florida's great springs emanate, and
containing abandoned relict channels ancestral to
the present underground solution channels.
(October 1971) Owner: State
Highlands County
ARCHIBOLD
BIOLOGICAL
STATION
This 4,250-acre, located approximately 7 miles
south of Lake Placid, encompasses the largest
known tract of contiguous natural communities
characteristics of the Lakes Wales Ridge still in a
relatively natural condition. The full range of
moisture conditions (xeric-mesic-hydric), and
most stages of plant succession, are represented
by high quality examples. Lake Annie is the
highest quality water supply left in the system of
valley sink lakes that extends northward from the
Station. A large number of endemic and rare
species of plants and animals are located here.
(May 1987) Owner: Private
Jackson County
♦FLORIDA CAVERNS
NATURAL AREA
Two miles north of Marianna. Unique disjunct
relict community from a former temperate
hardwood forest which has remained intact and
isolated since the end of the Wisconsin glacial
period and probably longer. The cave harbors
three species of bats, including the Indiana bat,
an endangered species, which uses the cave for
winter hibernation. (December 1976) Owner: State
22
FLORIDA
Lake County
EMERALDA MARSH
Lew County
•MANATEE SPRINGS
'WACCASASSA BAY
STATE PRESERVE
(extends into Marion County)- -Ten miles
northeast of Leesburg. Virtually undisturbed
inland freshwater riverine sawgrass marsh
supporting several species of waterfowl, and
including endangered and threatened species.
Also provides an important fishery. (December
1974) Owner: Private
Manatee Springs State Park, 50 miles west-
southwest of Gainesville. Ranks about sixth in
size among the great artesian springs of Florida in
close proximity to karst sinkholes, with proven
underground connections with the headspring,
and connecting with the Suwanee River.
(October 1971) Owner: State
40 miles west of Ocala. Example of northern
Florida coastal ecosystem, including transition
from mangrove to salt marsh to brackish marsh to
freshwater marsh along the Waccasassa River and
habitat for at least three endangered species.
(December 1976) Owner: State
Liberty County
*TORREYA STATE
PARK
12 miles north of Bristol along the Apalachicola
River. Very significant relict habitat for ancient
flora, including stinkingcedar, Florida yew and
Croomia, which are descendants of the Arcto-
Tertiary Geoflora which existed some 63 million
years ago. (December 1976) Owner: State
Marion County
EMERALDA MARSH
(see Lake County)
23
FLORIDA
•RAINBOW SPRINGS
•SILVER SPRINGS
Martin County
*REED WILDERNESS
SEASHORE
SANCTUARY
Four miles north-northeast of Dunnellon. Second
of Florida's great artesian springs on the basis of
its rate of discharge, and first as a single outlet
spring, with glass-bottom cruise boats for
observing spring cavities and aquatic life.
(October 1971) Owner: Private
Five miles northeast of Ocala. Largest spring
group in the United States, with glass-bottom
boat rides. (October 1971) Owner: Private
Eight miles south of Stuart. Unaltered east coast
of Florida seashore, including semitropical plant
associations of mangrove swamps, coastal strand
and shell mound types, encompassing northern
portion of Jupiter Island, and providing
increasingly rare nesting site for Atlantic
Loggerhead turtles. (November 1967) Owner:
Federal
Monroe County
•LIGNUMVITAE KEY
Suwanee County
•ICHETUCKNEE
SPRINGS
Wakulla Springs
•WAKULLA SPRINGS
One-half mile north of the U.S. 1 causeway near
the northern end of Matecumbe Key. One of the
highest keys in the Florida Keys chain providing
a wide range of habitat, from wave-washed
exposures of Key Largo limestone to mangrove
swamp. Most vegetation is tropical hammock
forest, which is the largest and best example of
the type known in the United States. (October
1968) Owner: State
(see Columbia County)
15 miles south of Tallahassee. An independent
freshwater ecosystem and one of the largest and
deepest springs in FLorida. Rich in aquatic
vegetation, fish, turtles, alligators, and birds,
lined with huge cypress trees and a well-
developed hardwood hammock containing
significant fossils. (October 1966) Owner: Private
24
GEORGIA (12)
Bartow County
SAG PONDS NATURAL
AREA
Charlton County
•OKEFENOKEE SWAMP
Chatham County
♦WASSAW ISLAND
Five miles southeast of Adairsville. The six
ponds illustrate the various stages of ecological
succession. Unique for their combination of
dissimilar vegetation, and containing relict flora
persisting from the Pleistocene and significant
fossils. (May 1974) Owner: Private
(extends into Clinch and Ware Counties)--
Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, the center
of the site is 28 miles south of Waycross. Largest
and most primitive swamp in the country
containing a diversity of ecosystems, and a refuge
for native flora and fauna including many
uncommon, threatened and endangered species.
(December 1974) Owner: Federal
14 miles south of Savannah, in the Atlantic
Ocean. Only island of Golden Isles with an
undisturbed forest cover and one of the few
remaining examples of the sea island ecosystem
with a high degree of integrity, illustrating the
building of the island from the sands of the
Coastal Plain, and supporting a wide array of
unusual animals. (April 1967) Owner: Federal,
Private
Clinch County
*OKEFENOKEE SWAMP
(see Charlton County)
Columbia County
HEGGIE'S ROCK
17 miles northwest of Augusta. An undisturbed
example of the characteristic plant species,
community zonation, and successional stages
occurring on well-exposed granitic outcrops.
(August 1980) Owner: Private
25
GEORGIA
Effingham County
EBENEZER CREEK
SWAMP
Emanuel County
*CAMP E. F.BOYD
NATURAL AREA
Floyd County
♦MARSHALL FOREST
The center of the site is 22 miles north-northwest
of Savannah. Best remaining cypress-gum swamp
forest in the Savannah River Basin illustrating the
relationship and interactions between river and
creek, and providing spawning grounds for the
anadromous striped bass and habitat for the
American alligator. (May 1976) Owner: Private
Eight miles southwest of Swainsboro.
Representative of rapidly disappearing flood
plain--upland sand ridge ecosystem of the Coastal
Plain and habitat for several rare plants and
endangered species. (May 1974) Owner: Private
Near Rome. Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine forest
believed to have originated following an intense
fire at about the time the Cherokee Indians were
forcibly removed to Oklahoma. Forest has a ten-
acre stand of virgin yellow poplar. (May 1966)
Owner: Private
Harris County
*CARSON J.
CALLAWAY
MEMORIAL FOREST
One mile west of Hamilton. Outstanding example
of transitional conditions between eastern
deciduous and southern coniferous forest types,
containing the entire Barnes Creek watershed and
an unpolluted stream system. (June 1972) Owner:
Private
Mcintosh County
•LEWIS ISLAND TRACT
Eight miles west-northwest of Darien. One of
the most extensive bottomland hardwood swamps
in Georgia, containing stands Of virgin bald
cypress and associated swamp hardwood species,
and supporting uncommon wildlife species. (May
1974) Owner: State
26
GEORGIA
Rockdale County
*PANOLA MOUNTAIN
Seminole County
SPOONER SPRINGS
Tattnall County
*BIG HAMMOCK
NATURAL AREA
Ware County
*OKEFENOKEE SWAMP
15 miles southeast of Atlanta. The most natural
and undisturbed monadnock of exposed granitic
rock in the Piedmont region. The area supports a
variety of plant communities. (August 1980)
Owner: State
14 miles west of Bainbridge. One of the largest
and least disturbed sinkhole wetlands in Georgia,
supporting an abundance of American alligators.
(May 1974) Owner: Private
Ten miles southwest of Glennville. Contains
relatively undisturbed broadleaf evergreen
hammock forest and includes rare and endangered
species. (May 1976) Owner: State
(see Charlton County)
27
GUAM (4)
*FACPI POINT
FOUHA POINT
MOUNT LAMLAM
PUNTAN DOS
AMANTES
On the southwestern coast of Guam. Site contains
pillow lavas, intersecting dikes, and a massive
seastack of black coralline limestone. An
illustration of the major episode of volcanism
which created Guam Island. (November 1972)
Owner: Government of Guam
On the southwestern coast of Guam, one mile
northwest of the village of Umatac. Contains
exposures of volcanic rock with a nearby
intertidal platform of two levels of coralline
limestone. (November 1972) Owner: Government
of Guam
Three miles north-northwest of Umatac.
Remnant of a great caldera, it is the third key site
on Guam disclosing the major volcanism which
created the island. (November 1972) Owner:
Federal, Government of Guam
Two miles north of Tumon. Illustrates the
limestone deposition and subsequent subterranean
erosion phases of Guam's geologic history. The
area contains a 370-foot high cliff exposure of
massive limestone. (November 1972) Owner:
Government of Guam
28
HAWAII (7)
Island of Hawaii
MAKALAWENA MARSH
MAUNA KEA
Island of Maui
IAO VALLEY
KANAHA POND
Island of Molokai
NORTH SHORE CLIFFS
Near Kawikahala Point. One of two remaining
ponds in Hawaii that support a resident
population of the endangered, non-migratory
Hawaiian stilt, nesting site of the Hawaiian coot,
and the only known breeding site of the black-
crowned night heron on the Island of Hawaii.
(June 1972) Owner: Private
25 miles west-northwest of the city of Hilo.
Exposed portion of the highest insular mountain
in the United States, containing the highest lake
in the country and evidence of glaciation above
the 11,000-foot level. Most majestic expression
of shield volcanism in the Hawaiian Archipelago,
if not the world. (November 1972) Owner: State
West of the city of Wailuku. Valley and volcanic
rocks on its enclosing slopes illustrate the major
episode of volcanism which created the western
portion of the island. Amphitheater shape is due
to erosion on the volcanic rocks of a great
caldera. (November 1972) Owner: State, Private
One mile west of Kahului Airport. Most
important waterbird in Hawaii, and one of the
few remaining habitat brackish-water ecosystems
providing refuge for both resident and migratory
bird populations. (June 1971) Owner: State
Between the villages of Halawa and Kalaupapa.
Finest exposures of ancient volcanic rocks
resulting from the major episode of volcanism
creating Molokai, among the most ancient in the
Hawaiian Island chain. (November 1972) Owner:
State, Private
Island of Oahu
•DIAMOND HEAD
In the city of Honolulu. One of the best exposed
and preserved examples of a typical volcanic cone
of altered basaitic glass. Shows the bedding
structure of the cone and the character of the
rock. (February 1968) Owner: Federal, State
29
HAWAII
KOOLAU RANGE PALI Three miles south of Kaneohe. The Pali is to the
Island of Oahu what the Great Western Divide is
to Sequoia National Park. Faulting and stream
erosion are among the principal processes which
give the cliffs their configuration. (November
1972) Owner: Private
30
IDAHO (11)
Adams County
•SHEEP ROCK
Bingham County
HELL'S HALF ACRE
LAVA
FIELD
Blaine County
•GREAT RIFT SYSTEM
Bonneville County
HELL'S HALF ACRE
LAVA FIELD
Butte County
•BIG SOUTHERN
BUTTE
In Payette National Forest, 35 miles northwest of
Council and two miles east of the Snake River.
Provides the best view of the horizontally layered
lavas that represent successive flows on the
Columbia River Basalt Plateau, and an
unobstructed view of two contrasting series of
volcanic rocks separated by a major
unconformity—an important geologic
phenomenon. (December 1976) Owner: Federal
( extends into Bonneville County)--The center o f
the site is 20 miles west of Idaho Falls. A
complete, young, unweathered, fully exposed
pahoehoe lava flow and an outstanding example
of pioneer vegetation establishing itself on a lava
flow. (January 1976) Owner: Federal, State
(extends into Minidoka and Power Counties)--43
miles northwest of Pocatello. As a tensional
fracture in the Earth's crust that may extend to
the crust-mantle interface, the Great Rift System
is unique in North America and has few
counterparts in the world. It also illustrates
primary vegetation succession on very young lava
flows. (April 1968) Owner: Federal
(see Bingham County)
37 miles northwest of Blackfoot. The view from
this butte illustrates the scope and dimensions of
Quaternary volcanism in the western United
States and the largest area of volcanic rocks of
young age in the United States. (January 1976)
Owner: Federal
31
IDAHO
Cassia County
CASSIA SILENT CITY
OF ROCKS
16 miles southeast of Oakley. Contains monolithic
landforms created by exfoliation processes on
exposed massive granite plutons, and the best
example of bornhardts in the country. (May
1974) Owner: Federal, State, Private
Elmore County
CRATER RINGS
Two adjacent and symmetrical pit craters that are
among the few examples of this type of crater in
the continental United States. The pit craters,
which are volcanic conduits in which the lava
column rises and falls were formed by explosions
followed by collapse. (April 1980) Owner:
Federal
Fremont County
BIG SPRINGS
54 miles northeast of Rexburg. The only first-
magnitude spring in the county which issues forth
from rhyolitic lava flows. It is the source of the
South Fork of the Henrys Fork River. (August
1980) Owner: Federal
Gooding County
NIAGARA SPRINGS
20 miles west of Twin Falls. The least developed
of the large springs discharging into the Snake
River from the Snake River Plain aquifer system.
It is outstandingly illustrative of the enormous
volume of water transmitted through this aquifer.
(April 1980) Owner: Private
Jefferson County
MENAN BUTTES
(extends into Madison County--Ten miles west of
Rexburg. Contains outstanding examples of glass
tuff cones, which are found in only a few places
in the world. Their large size and unusual
composition make them particularly instructive of
an unusual aspect of basaltic volcanism. (April
1980) Owner: Federal, Private
Madison County
MENAN BUTTES
(see Jefferson County)
32
IDAHO
Shoshone County
HOBO CEDAR GROVE 12 miles northeast of Clarkia. An outstanding
BOTANICAL AREA example of pristine western red cedar forest.
Two communities are represented: cedar/Oregon
boxwood on the uplands and cedar/fern on the
lowlands. (April 1980) Owner: Federal
Twin Falls County
HAGERMAN FAUNA West and southwest of Hagerman. Contains the
SITES world's richest deposits of Upper Pliocene age
terrestrial fossils, therefore considered to be of
international significance. (May 1975) Owner:
Federal, State
33
ILLINOIS (18)
Alexander County
*HORSESHORE LAKE
NATURAL PRESERVE
1 1 miles northwest of Cairo. Contains diverse
aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna and mature
stands of bald cypress. The site is on the
migration corridor of many waterfowl, as well as
being an overwintering site for thousands of
Canada geese. (November 1972) Owner: State
Carroll County
'MISSISSIPPI
PALISADES
North of Savanna. Topography containing deep
V-shaped valleys, caves and sinks, massive cliffs
along the Mississippi River, and supporting
numerous species of plant and animal life.
(November 1972) State
Cook County
*BUSSE FOREST
NATURAL
PRESERVE
MARKHAM PRAIRIE
23 miles northwest of Chicago. Situated on the
flood plain and morainal uplands along Salt
Creek. One of the best remaining examples of
mesic and dry-mesic upland forest in the Eastern
Central Lowlands. The area has been protected
for so long that there is no evidence of past
logging throughout most of the site. (February
1980) Owner: County
Located in the town of Markham about 20 miles
south of the Loop is a 190-acre site representing
the largest and highest quality prairie in Illinois
and in large parts of adjacent states. As a mesic
prairie intergrading between sand prairie and
typical tall-grass prairie on loamy soil, it is a
remnant of a distinct and formerly widespread
biotic community type of the Central Lowlands
Natural Region. Mesic prairie has been nearly
eliminated along the south edge of Lake Michigan
where most remnants occur. In the Chicago Lake
Plain of Illinois, for example, only about one-
hundredth of one percent remain of the original
prairie. Much of it occurs within a nature
preserve, located close to a very large
metropolitan area, surrounded by suburban
development. The site is also an excellent
example of undeveloped lakebed and beach ridge
topography. (November 1987) Owner: Private
34
ILLINOIS
Jackson County
LITTLE GRAND
CANYON AREA
Ten miles west of Carbondale. Exceptional
example of a large box canyon with vertical
overhanging walls. Contains a great diversity of
ecosystems, including sandstone outcrops and
overhangs, ravine slope forest, dry site oak-
hickory forest, and hill prairies. The ravine is
nationally known as a seasonal haven for a great
variety of snakes that hibernate there. (February
1980) Owner: Federal
Johnson County
LOWER CACHE RIVER
SWAMP
(extends into Pulaski County)--32 miles south-
southeast of Carbondale. Outstanding remnant of
the swampy flood plain forest and open swamp
that once covered an extensive area at the
junction of the Mississippi and Ohio River
valleys. Has many large trees including three
larger than any on record for the species in the
nation. (February 1980) Owner: State, Private
HERON POND-LITTLE
BLACK SLOUGH
NATURE AREA
25 miles south of Marion. This is the largest
remaining cypress-tupelo swamp in Illinois. The
site contains a heron rookery and the valley is an
outstanding example of alluvial, colluvial, and
lacustrine sedimentation within an entrenched
meandering valley system. (November 1972,
February 1980) Owner: State, Private
Lake County
ILLINOIS BEACH
NATURAL
PRESERVE
Illinois Beach State Park, three miles north-
northeast of Waukegan. An area of beach ridges
that supports a great diversity of natural
communities, including savanna, sand prairie,
wetland, and beach communities. Area supports
over 60 species of animals and plants that are
threatened or endangered in Illinois. (February
1980) Owner: Private
*VOLO BOG NATURE
PRESERVE
One and one-half miles north-northwest of Volo.
This type of site is rare for Illinois. It contains
many unusual or rare plants which are
characteristic of the classic northern quaking, bog.
(November 1972) Owner: State
35
ILLINOIS
'WAUCONDA BOG
NATURAL PRESERVE
McLean County
*FUNKS GROVE
On the southern edge of the village of Wauconda.
Mature bog that contains the farthest southern
extension of bog vegetation in Illinois,
representing an unusual biotic community in that
region. (November 1972) Owner: State
1 1 miles southwest of Bloomington. Rare
example of virgin forests once isolated on the
prairies of the Midwest, illustrating a transition
between oak-hickory association of the region
and the western mesophytic association to the
east. (May 1974) Owner: State, Private
Monroe County
*FULTS HILL PRAIRIE
NATURE PRESERVE
Piatt County
ALLERTON NATURAL
AREA
Pope County
BELL SMITH SPRINGS
This 498 acre site is located approximately 35
miles south of St. Louis, Missouri, and contains
the largest complex (33 acres or 34%) of the
highest quality, essentially undisturbed loess hill
prairies along the Mississippi River in Illinois,
including the largest single prairie opening (1 1
acres). (May 1986) Owner: State
28 miles southwest of Champaign. Example of
rapidly disappearing Illinois stream valley
ecosystem containing relatively undisturbed
examples of bottomland and upland forests.
(January 1970) Owner: State
Shawnee National Forest. Fragile area containing
some of the best examples of ecosystems typical
of sharply dissected sandstone substrates. Also
contains fine examples of landforms created by
stream erosion and mass wasting. (February 1980)
Owner: Federal
LUSK CREEK CANYON
15 miles south of Harrisburg. Excellent example
of a gorge-like valley formed by mass wasting
and stream erosion in lower Pennsylvanian
sandstones. Also contains good examples two
major forest ecosystems; 10 endangered or
threatened Illinois plant species occur here.
(February 1980) Owner: Federal, State
36
ILLINOIS
Pulaski County
LOWER CACHE RIVER
SWAMP
(see Johnson County)
Union County
GIANT CITY
ECOLOGICAL AREA
Giant City State Park, 36 miles southwest of
Harrisburg. Exceptional example of gravity
sliding consisting of massive joint-bounded
sandstone blocks of Pennsylvanian Age. Rich
flora include xeric oak woods, oak-hickory and
mesic forests dominated by sugar maple.
(February 1980) Owner: State
LARUE-PINE HILLS
ECOLOGICAL AREA
Wabash County
*FOREST OF THE
WABASH
Shawnee National Forest. The center of the site
is four miles north of Wolf Lake. The area
contains one of the finest assemblages of diverse
vegetation in the Midwest, representing species of
northern, southern, eastern, and western
affinities, including 40 species rare in Illinois.
(May 1974) Owner: Federal, State, Private
Beall Woods Nature Preserve, three miles south of
Mount Carmel. Essentially undisturbed upland
and bottomland forests lying along the Wabash
River. The upland stands are probably the finest
remaining oak-hickory forest in this part of the
country. (October 1965) Owner: State
37
INDIANA (30)
Crawford County
MARENGO CAVE
'WYANDOTTE CAVE
Fayette County
*SHRADER-WEAVER
WOODS
Floyd County
OHIO CORAL REEF
(FALLS OF THE
OHIO)
Textbook example of a cave in its middle stage of
development. It is the most profusely decorated
cave known in the Interior Lowlands with cave
features of the highest quality. This cave is the
location where five organisms were first
identified. It has had an extensive and
continuous history of research, as well as
protective custody over the last century.
(December 1984) Owner: Private
Harrison-Crawford State Forest, 30 miles west of
New Albany. The cave has 23 miles of explored
passageways, vertical relief encompassing several
levels, huge rooms, gigantic domepits, rubble
breakdown and stalagmites. It is one of the great
cave systems within the karst region of the east-
central United States. (June 1972) Owner: State
Seven miles northwest of Connersville.
Outstanding presettlement beech-maple forest
containing unusually large trees, such as a 56-
inch diameter breast high (d.b.h.) burr oak and a
34-inch d.b.h. black maple. (May 1974) Owner:
State
(extends into Jefferson County, Kentucky- -In the
Ohio River between Jeffersonville, Indiana, and
Louisville, Kentucky. Classic example of a
Silurian and Devonian coral community from
which nearly 900 nominal species have been
founded on specimens collected here. The lower
part of Jeffersonville limestone is composed of
corals, matrix, and little else. (October 1966)
Owner: State
Fountain County
♦PORTLAND AND
ARCH NATURE
PRESERVE
Seven miles northeast of Covington. Contains
massive crossbedded sandstone cliffs and a 7 1/2-
foot high natural bridge. Has many plant species
unknown elsewhere in the State; some are relicts
occurring here due to the unusual climate created
by the canyon. (May 1973) Owner: State
38
INDIANA
Gibson County
HEMMER WOODS
Harrison County
HARRISON SPRING
Jefferson County
OFFICERS WOODS
Two miles northeast of Buckskin. Illustrates the
transition from lowland to upland forest,
containing one of the best mixed lowland stands
remaining in Indiana, the largest known
specimens of tulip tree in the State, and a great
abundance of wildf lowers. (November 1973)
Owner: State, Private
Fragile area that has been vandalized in the past
and is now closed to the public. Largest spring in
Indiana and one of the best examples of
alluviated cave springs in the United States due to
its location in an abandoned meander loop, and
the natural levee around its periphery. (February
1980) Owner: Private
Seven miles northwest of Madison. One of the
finest remnants of beech-maple forest south of
the Wisconsin-age glacial boundary in Indiana.
Contains two stands which slightly different
composition, one of which contains an
exceptionally high density of black gum.
(December 1974) Owner: Private
Lagrange County
♦TAMARACK BOG
NATURE PRESERVE
Lake County
*HOOSIER PRAIRIE
Pigeon River State Game Preserve, one mile
southeast of the town of Mongo. Contains the
largest, well-developed tamarack swamp-bog
forest in Indiana supporting six distinct
vegetation types and more than 34 mammal
species. Also supports water birds, amphibians
and fishes. (November 1973) Owner: State
Two miles southwest of Griffith. Last large tract
of prairie near the eastern margin of the "Prairie
Peninsula", containing a great diversity of
community types. Almost 300 vascular plant
species have been identified here. (May 1974)
Owner: State
39
INDIANA
La Porte County
•PINHOOK BOG
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, four miles
south of Waterford. A living demonstration of
the textbook description of ecological succession
from pond to woodland, lying within a bowl-
shaped depression likely to be a glacial kettle, and
surrounded by wooded hills. (October 1965)
Owner: Federal
Lawrence County
•DONALDSON CAVE
SYSTEM AND WOODS
Spring Mill State Park, five miles east of Mitchell.
A tract containing 80 acres of prime virgin forest
and a cave system associated with the Indiana
karst region, including three separate units which
are interconnected by underground passageways.
(June 1972, November 1973) Owner: State
Montgomery County
*CALVERT AND
PORTER WOODS
NATURE PRESERVE
(BECKVILLE WOODS)
Three miles south of Shannondale. One of the
finest near-virgin remnant forests in the Tipton
Till Plain of central Indiana, containing a great
diversity of tree species due to a pronounced
moisture gradient producing different habitats,
and a great blue heron rookery. (December 1974)
Owner: Private
PINE HILLS NATURAL
AREA
Orange County
•PIONEER MOTHER'S
MEMORIAL FOREST
RISE AT
ORANGEVILLE
15 miles west-southwest of Crawfordsville. The
tract is sharply dissected by deep, stream-carved
canyons which have left narrow rock ridges or
backbones, probably the most remarkable
examples of incised meanders in the eastern
United States. Contains a variety of habitats and
a number of plant species considered to be
Pleistocene relicts. (April 1968) Owner: State
Hoosier National Forest, one mile southeast of
Paoli. One of the best examples of an original,
undisturbed presettlement forest in Indiana
containing the finest examples of forest-grown
walnut trees in America. (May 1974) Owner:
Federal
South of West Road in Orangeville. The State's
second largest spring and the clearest illustration
of subterranean stream resurgence in the famed
Lost River karst area. (June 1972) Owner: Private
40
INDIANA
'TOLLIVER
SWALLOWHOLE
Four miles north-northwest of Paoli.
Extraordinary example of the disappearing stream
aspect of karst topography. An elongated channel
with a small opening at the bottom of the west of
the channel that opens into a segment of
underground Lost River. (June 1972) Owner:
Private
'WESLEY CHAPEL
GULF
Owen County
HOOT WOODS
Two miles southeast of Orangeville. The most
significant and spectacular feature of the Lost
River Basin, one of the world's great karst areas.
Probably the largest sinkhole in Indiana and a
classic illustration of a uvala (feature formed by
the coalescence of series of sinkholes). (June
1972) Owner: Private
Three miles northwest of Freedom. Relatively
undisturbed, isolated beech-maple forest where
near climax conditions prevail. (November 1973)
Owner: Private
Parke County
*ROCKY HOLLOW-
FALLS CANYON
NATURE PRESERVE
Turkey Run State Park, nine miles north of
Rockville. Forest area containing virgin beech-
maple stands, several steep sandstone gorges that
harbor virgin boreal relict populations of eastern
hemlock and Canada yew, and some of the largest
black walnut in the Midwest. (December 1974)
Owner: State
Porter County
*COWLES BOG
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. 10 miles west
of Michigan City. Illustrates marsh and bog, as
well as transition to swamp, and includes flora
common to these habitats. (October 1965) Owner:
Federal
DUNES NATURE
PRESERVE
Indiana Dunes State Park, along the southeastern
shore of Lake Michigan between Dune Acres and
Beverly Shores. The best remaining example of
undeveloped and relatively unspoiled dune
landscape along the southern shore of Lake
Michigan, a portion of which is known as the
"Birthplace of American Ecology". Also contains
Ancient Pines Nature Area, a prehistoric forest
now exposed by dune blowouts. (December 1974)
Owner: State
41
INDIANA
Putnam County
BIG WALNUT CREEK
*FERN CLIFF
Randolph County
CABIN CREEK RAISED
BOG
DAVIS-PURDUE
AGRICULTURAL
CENTER FOREST
Shelby County
*MELTZER WOODS
35 miles west of Indianapolis. A branch of the
Eel river formed as a result of glacial melt and
postglacial water erosion, the site contains one of
the few stands in the State where beech, sugar
maple and tulip poplar grow on alluvial Genesee
soil. Includes relict species of a postglacial forest
which occupied the area 5,000 to 6,000 years ago.
(April 1968) Owner: State, Private
Seven miles southwest of Greencastle. Contains
exceptional occurrences of mosses and liverworts,
including a noteworthy number of rare species.
One of the best sites for bryophytes in the Central
States. (February 1980) Owner: Private
14 miles east-southeast of Muncie. A fen
(alkaline bog) elevated some 10 feet above the
general flood plain level of Cabin Creek,
supporting very rich flora, including many
species at or near their range limits. (December
1974) Owner: Private
13 miles northeast of Munice. Best old growth
oak-hickory forest on the Tipton Till Plain and
possibly one of the finest such forests in the
eastern United States containing exceptionally
large individuals of several tree species,
(december 1974) Owner: State
Two miles southwest of Blue Ridge. A
presettlement forest containing a juxtaposition of
two contrasting forest types (beech-maple and
lowland mixed forests) and exceptionally large
individuals of several tree species. (November
1973) Owner: Private
Spencer County
'KRAMER WOODS
One and none-half miles southwest of Patronville.
This area is the only example of a umard's red
oak-pin oak-hickory dominated stand of lowland
mixed forest of any size in Indiana. (November
1973) Owner: State
42
INDIANA
Vanderburgh County
WESSELMAN PARK
WOODS
Within the city limits of Evansville.
Presettlement lowland mixed forest with the
highest basal area per acre of any known stand in
Indiana, dominated by sweet gum-tulip tree
(November 1973) Owner: Municipal
Wabash County
HANGING ROCK AND
WABASH REEF
This area consists of two one-acre sites located
along the south bank of the Wabash River. Both
contain natural exposures of limestone reef
deposits characteristic of Silurian rocks of the
midwestern U. S., most of which are exposed only
in quarries. Hanging Rock, located about 6 miles
northeast of Wabash, is an impressive natural
exposure of an exhumed reef that rises 75 feet
above the Wabash River. The Wabash Reef, a
smaller exposure along the Wabash Railroad in
the northeastern portion of Wabash, is one of the
best known fossil reefs in the world, because it
has been the subject of numerous studies
responsible for the development of modern reef
theory. (May 1986) Owner: Private
43
IOWA (7)
Clay County
DEWEY PASTURE AND
SMITHS SLOUGH
(extends into Palo Alto County)--Four miles
north-northwest of Ruthven. Section of pothole
lakes created during the last glacial epoch,
containing considerable habitat diversity
including wetlands, tallgrass prairie, and
woodland supporting a significant waterfowl
population. (May 1975) Owner: State
Dickinson County
*CAYLER PRAIRIE
Five miles west of West Okoboji. An example of
increasingly rare virgin prairie grassland; a unique
outdoor laboratory. (October 1965) Owner: State
Dubuque County
WHITE PINE HOLLOW
PRESERVE
20 miles northwest of Dubuque. Only known
remaining white pine tract in Iowa. (November
1967) Owner: State
Hamilton County
ANDERSON GOOSE
LAKE
One mile east of Jewell. One of few essentially
natural glacial pothole lakes remaining in the
State, and important waterfowl habitat. (May
1975) Owner: Private
Howard County
*HAYDEN PRAIRIE
12 miles northwest of Cresco. A true prairie
remnant where Iowa State University conducted
research showing that true prairie declines when
the quantity of litter exceeds annual herbage
yield. Occasional burning or mowing corrects
this, and gives minor plants an opportunity for
establishment. (October 1965) Owner: State
44
IOWA
Monona and Harrison Counties
LOESS HILLS
This dual site, Turin (7,740 acres) and Little
Sioux/Smith Lake (2,980 acres), together
represent the best examples of loess topography
(wind-blown silt) in the Missouri River Bluffs
region. It is in this region of the U. S. where the
deepest loess has accumulated, presenting the best
example of this unusual type of landscape.
Together, these sites express the representative
landforms and native vegetation of classic loess
deposits. The only known comparable area is
located along the Yellow River in northern China.
(May 1986) Owner: State and Private
Palo Alto County
DEWEY PASTURE AND
SMITH'S SLOUGH
(see Clay County)
Winnesheik County
COLD WATER CAVE
Located in the glaciated portion of the upper
Midwest, where caves are rare and cave
formations (speleothems) are generally minor,
Cold Water Cave is exceptional as an extensive
cave system that is well decorated with
speleothems. It contains numerous vertical shafts
and an unusually large, active, meandering
underground stream that courses along most of
the approximately 7.3 miles of cave passageways.
Because the cave is locked and not accessible to
the general public, it remains in unimpaired
natural condition. Having formed probably with
the last 200,000 years in a limestone formation of
Ordovician age, the cave system is also relatively
young in geologic terms, and appears to be
enlarging more rapidly than most caves in the
United States. The cave atmosphere is also
unusual for its typically low oxygen content and
extremely high carbon dioxide content.
(November 1987) Owner: Private
45
KANSAS (5)
Clarke County
*BIG BASIN PRESERVE
Douglas County
*BAKER UNIVERSITY
WETLANDS
BALDWIN WOODS
Gove County
♦MONUMENT ROCKS
NATURAL AREA
Ottawa County
ROCKY CITY
13 miles west-northwest of Ashland. Excellent
example of collapse features formed by
groundwater geological processes, and bluestem-
grama prairie which is intensively grazed, in the
central Great Plains. (March 1979) Owner: State
Three miles south of Lawrence. Undisturbed
examples of wetland prairie, and breeding ground
for pintails, mallards and Canada geese. (June
1969) Owner: Private
A unique remnant oak-hickory stand approaching
climax condition, located at the western edge of
the eastern deciduous forest. (November 1980)
Owner: Private
23 miles south of Oakley. This area includes
pinnacles, small buttes, and spires of chalk of the
Niobrara formation, erosional remnants of
sediments deposited in the ancient Kansas sea of
Cretaceous time, and is a rich source of fossils of
Cretaceous marine animals. (October 1968)
Owner: Private
Two and one-half miles southwest of
Minneapolis. A unique cluster of about 200 great
spherical sandstone concretions occurring in the
midst of rolling farmland. (January 1976) Owner:
Private
46
KENTUCKY (5)
Henderson County
HENDERSON SLOUGHS
(extends into Union County)--Four miles
northeast of Uniontown. One of the largest
wetlands remaining in the State and an important
habitat for waterfowl and other wildlife. Also
the "home" of John James Audubon. (May 1974)
Owner: Federal, State
Jefferson County
OHIO CORAL REEF
(FALLS OF THE
OHIO)
Laurel County
*ROCK CREEK
RESEARCH NATURAL
AREA
Letcher County
*LILLEY CORNETT
WOODS
(see INDIANA)
Daniel Boone National Forest, two miles west of
Baldrock. One of the few virgin hemlock-
hardwood forests remaining in the State. (May
1975) Owner: Federal
25 miles southeast of Hazard. Probably the only
surviving virgin tract of any size in the
Cumberland Mountains section of the mixed
mesophytic forest, which is characterized by a
great variety of tree species. (June 1971) Owner:
State
Menifee County
RED RIVER GORGE
(extends into Powell and Wolfe Counties)--Daniel
Boone National Forest, 50 miles east-southeast of
Lexington. Contains examples of geological
formations, including 41 natural bridges, and
supports an extremely diverse flora, including
endemic, rare and relict species. (January 1976)
Owner: Federal, Private
Powell County
RED RIVER GORGE
(see Menifee County)
47
KENTUCKY
Russell County
CREELSBORO
NATURAL BRIDGE
This 8.2-acre site, located 14 miles southwest of
Jamestown, is the longest natural bridge, or
natural tunnel, n the Highland Rim Section of the
Interior Low Plateaus Natural Region. Whereas
most of the natural bridges and arches of
Kentucky are formed in sandstone or
conglomerate, Creelsboro Natural Bridge is
composed of limestone of Ordovician age. The
occasional diversion of Jim Creek through the
tunnel into the adjacent Cumberland River during
high water is an outstanding illustration of
subterranean stream diversion, a process by which
the bridge formed and which continues today. In
addition, the occasional reverse flow of the
Cumberland River flood waters back through the
tunnel into the Jim Creek valley is highly
unusual. The bridge spans 75 feet over a tunnel
100 feet long, with a height of 15 feet on the
upstream side and about 40 feet on the
downstream side. (November 1987) Owner:
Private
Union County
HENDERSON SLOUGHS
Wolfe County
RED RIVER GORGE
(see Henderson County)
(see Menifee County)
48
MAINE (15)
Aroostook County
CRYSTAL BOG
Four miles southeast of Pattern. One of the
largest and most outstanding untouched sphagnum
bogs in the State, containing stands of tamarack,
black spruce and hemlock. (May 1973) Owner:
Private
Cumberland County
*NEW GLOUCESTER
BLACK GUM STAND
Franklin County
BIGELOW MOUNTAIN
Kennebec County
*COLBY-MARSTON
PRESERVE
PENNY POND-JOE
POND COMPLEX
Two miles southwest of Upper Gloucester. Rare
and outstanding small remnant of essentially
virgin black gum dominated swamp forest, near
the northernmost limit for this species. (May
1975) Owner: Private
(extends into Somerset County)--The center of
the site is six miles east of Stratton. One of the
best and most representatives alpine vegetation
zones among lower elevation New England
Mountains. (May 1975) Owner: State
Two miles north of Belgrade. Classic example of
a northern sphagnum bog with distinct and well-
defined vegetation zonation. A kettle-hole bog
surrounded by hemlock-white pine and northern
hardwood forests. (May 1973) Owner: Private
Two and one-half miles south of Belgrade.
Relatively untouched wetland area in a glacial
outwash plain, containing a number of vegetative
communities. (May 1973) Owner: Private
Knox County
APPLETON BOG
ATLANTIC WHITE
CEDAR STAND
Four miles southeast of Liberty in southeastern
Maine. Largest and best of the few remaining
virgin stands of Atlantic white cedar in the
northeasternmost extension of its range. Large
and undisturbed peatland with a continuous forest
covering classic hummock-and-hollow
topography. (January 1984) Owner: Private
49
MAINE
Lincoln County
MONHEGAN ISLAND
Penobscot County
*ORONO BOG
PASSADUMKEAG
MARSH AND
BOGLANDS
Piscataquis County
•GULF HAGAS
Ten miles south of Port Clyde, in the Atlantic
Ocean. The northern half of the island is covered
with dense, almost pure, red spruce forest. The
island is located on the Atlantic flyway and
supports a variety of bird species. (April 1966)
Owner: Private
Six miles southwest of Old Town. An outstanding
example of a northern sphagnum bog. (May
1973) Owner: Private
Two miles east of Passadumkeag. Passadumkeag
Esker, or Enfield Horseback, is a classic
illustration of an esker, and the site is one of the
largest and finest unspoiled wetlands in the State.
(May 1973) Owner: Municipal, Private
14 miles of Greenville. Significant illustration of
the geological formation of a steep-walled,
youthful gorge cut by a wild river through folded
and tilted slates and siltstones, containing an
excellent spruce-fir forest on the walls of the
gorge. (April 1968) Owner: Private
MOUNT KATAHDIN
THE HERMITAGE
Somerset County
BIGELOW MOUNTAIN
Baxter State Park, 30 miles north of Millinocket.
Outstanding example of glacial-geological
features, such as kames, eskers, drumlins,
kettleholes and moraines, and containing virgin
forests and alpine-tundra ecosystems surrounding
unaltered lakes and streams. (November 1967)
Owner: State
Six miles northwest Katahdin Iron Works. One of
the very few undisturbed old-growth white pine
stands left in all of New England. Also contains
hemlock and hardwood stands. (May 1967)
Owner: Private
(see Franklin County)
50
MAINE
*NO. 5 BOG AND JACK
PINE STAND
13 miles southeast of the Quebec border in
northwestern Maine. One of the larger peatlands
in Maine and the only intermontane peatland in
the northern Appalachian Mountains. It has the
greatest abundance and variety of string patterns
of any U.S. peatland east of the northern Great
Lakes. The jack pine forest and well-defined
surficial glacial features, coupled with the many
botanical species and geological features located
here, constitute a diversity of natural features
found nowhere else in the northern United States.
(August 1964) Private, State
Washington County
CARRYING PLACE
COVE BOG
One and one-half miles south of South Lubec.
One of the finest examples of coastal raised
plateau bogs, of which there are only six
undisturbed, fully featured examples in the
Nation. Also a fine example of a tombollo (tied
island) eroded by the sea and encroached upon by
a tidal beach. (April 1980) Owner: State
MEDDYBEMPS HEATH
Three miles west of Meddybemps. Outstanding
example of a large, undisturbed northern bog
interspersed with small wooded islands. Area
contains two major streams surrounded by vast,
high heath shrub vegetation and ringed with
stands of black spruce and larch. (May 1973)
Owner: Private
51
MARYLAND (6)
Baltimore County
*LONG GREEN CREEK
AND SWEATHOUSE
BRANCH
Calvert County
♦BATTLE CREEK
CYPRESS SWAMP
Gunpowder Falls State Park, two miles north of
Perry Hall. Mature beech-tulip poplar-white oak
forest representative of the climax mesic forest
type in the region, and containing an
outstandingly rich herbaceous flora. (May 1977)
Owner: State
On State Route 506, between Bowens and Port
Republic. One of the most northerly cypress
swamps in the country, containing a wide range
of plant and animal life. (April 1965) Owner:
Private
Cecil County
GILPIN'S FALLS
Frederick County
*SUGAR LOAF
MOUNTAIN
Seven miles northwest of Elkton. The area
exposes a spectacular sequence of early Paleozoic
rocks and probably the best outcrop of
undeformed early Paleozoic metavolcanic pillow
basalts in the Middle Atlantic States. It is also a
prime example of a Fall Zone stream. (August
1980) Owner: Private
16 miles south of Frederick. Solutions to
problems about age and structural relationships of
rocks of the Piedmont Province are found here.
Appears to be either an outlier to the east of the
main mass of Catoctin Mountain or a root
remnant of the ancient Appalachia land mass.
(June 1969) Owner: Private
Garrett County
♦CRANESVILLE SWAMP
NATURE SANCTUARY
(extends into Preston County, West Virginian-
Nine miles north of Terra Alta, West Virginia.
Occupies a natural bowl where cool moist
conditions are conducive to plant and animal
communities of more common northern locations.
(October 1964) Owner: Private
52
MARYLAND
Prince Georges County
BELT WOODS
15 miles east of Washington, D.C. One of few
remaining old-growth upland forests in the
Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province.
An example of upland hardwood forest
dominated by tulip poplar and white oak,
supporting a dense and diverse bird population.
(December 1974) Private
53
MASSACHUSETTS (10)
Berkshire County
•BARTHOLOMEW'S
COBBLE
(see CONNECTICUT)
COLD RIVER VIRGIN
FOREST
*MT GREYLOCK OLD
GROWTH SPRUCE
Mohawk Trail State Forest, nine miles southeast
of North Adams. Probably the only virgin
hemlock-northern hardwood forest in New
England with the hemlocks and sugar maples
exceeding 400 years in age. (April 1980) Owner:
State
This 21.3 acre site contains three separate stands
(9.4, 5.7, and 6.2 acres) of undisturbed old growth
red spruce on the northwest slopes of Mt.
Greylock, the highest mountain in Massachusetts.
These stands have been undisturbed for at least
150-180 years, and may be virgin. No other old
growth red spruce stands are known in Southern
New England, while only a few comparable or
better sites occur in Northern New England.
(November 1987)
Bristol County
*ACHUSHNET CEDAR
SWAMP
Northwestern edge of New Bedford. One of the
State's largest, wildest and most impenetrable
swamps, and an outstanding example of the
diversity of conditions and species in the
glaciated section of the oak-chestnut forest type.
(June 1972) Owner: State
Dukes County
*GAY HEAD CLIFFS
On the western tip of Martha's Vineyard. An
unusual cross section of Raritan and Magothy
sediments of Cretaceous age and fossil-bearing
sands of Miocene and either Pliocene or
Pleistocene ages that rise as much as 150 feet
above sea level, resting on the continental shelf
and detached from the mainland. (October 1965)
Owner: Municipal
54
MASSACHUSETTS
Essex County
LYNNFIELD MARSH
Franklin County
*HAWLEY BOG
Hampden County
*FANNIE STEBBINS
REFUGE
Middlesex County
LYNNFIELD MARSH
Nantucket County
MUSKEGET ISLAND
(extends into Middlesex County)--Between
Wakefield and South Lynnfield. The area
preserves the habitat requirements of many bird
species and serves as a breeding ground for the
king rail and least bittern, rare species in the
region. (June 1972) Owner: Municipal, Private
One mile northwest of Hawley. Unspoiled cold
northern boreal sphagnum-heath bog occupying
an old shallow glacial lake basin which
demonstrates bog succession from the central
open water pond to the surrounding spruce-fir
forest. (May 1974) Owner: State
Five miles south of Springfield. The area
contains the only sizeable example of Connecticut
River flood plain under preservation, exhibiting
many successional stages including upland and
flood plain forest, swamp, marsh, ponds, and
meadows. (June 1972) Owner: Municipal, Private
(see Essex County)
Five miles northwest of Nantucket Island. The
only known locality where the Muskeget vole is
found, and southernmost station where the gray
seal breeds. The area supports an enormous
nesting population of herring gulls and black-
backed gulls. (April 1980) Owner: Municipal,
Private
Plymouth County
NORTH AND SOUTH
RIVERS
Centered about 20 miles southeast of Boston.
Classic examples of drowned rivermouth
estuaries, supporting at least 45 species of fish
and many species of birds. The site contains salt
marsh, brackish marsh and freshwater marsh
areas. (May 1977) Owner: State, Municipal,
Private
55
MASSACHUSETTS
Worcester County
POUTWATER POND North of Holden. An undisturbed sphagnum-
heath bog in southern New England, illustrating
ecological succession from open water in a glacial
depression to upland forest. (June 1972) Owner:
Private
56
MICHIGAN (12)
Bay County
*TOBICO MARSH
Berrien County
GRAND MERE LAKES
WARREN WOODS
NATURAL AREA
Cass County
*NEWTON WOODS
Ingham County
kTOUMEY WOODLOT
Tobico Marsh State Game Area, seven miles north
of Bay City. Relatively undisturbed area with
three distinct habitats: a wide expanse of open
water, marshland, and a mixed hardwood forest
used by large numbers of migrating waterfowl.
(January 1976) Owner: State
Two miles southwest of Stevensville. The site
contains four low areas created during the
evolution of postglacial ancestors of Lake
Michigan, providing a unique ecological area
documenting the evolution of aquatic to terrestrial
communities, surrounded by a buffer zone of
dunes, and containing many rare relict species.
(April 1968) Owner: State, Private
Three miles north of Three Oaks. Last known
stand of virgin beech-maple forest in southern
Michigan containing outstanding individual
specimens of sycamore, beech, maple and other
northern hardwoods. (November 1967) Owner:
Private, leased to State
28 miles southwest of Kalamazoo. One of the last
remaining old-growth oak-mixed hardwood
stands on Michigan's lower peninsula. (January
1976) Owner: State
On the Michigan State University campus in East
Lansing. An extremely rare example of a virgin
stand of beech-maple forest serving as an
important source for ecological research.
(January 1976) Owner: State
Jackson County
'BLACK SPRUCE BOG
NATURAL AREA
Ten miles northeast of Jackson. Boreal bog forest
illustrating the last stage of succession in the
sphagnum bog ecosystem, containing an excellent
stand of black spruce. (December 1976) Owner:
State
57
MICHIGAN
Marquette County
*DUKE NATURAL
RESEARCH AREA
Missaukee County
*DEAD STREAM
SWAMP
Upper Peninsula Experimental Forest, 17 miles
southeast of Marquette. Undisturbed white cedar
and mixed conifer swamp containing old-growth
hardwood stands. (May 1974) Owner: Federal
(extends into Roscommon County) — Houghton
Lake State Forest, 30 miles northeast of Cadillac.
A large example of a northern white cedar swamp
considered to be the climax in bog forest
development. (January 1976) Owner: State
Oakland County
*HAVEN HILL STATE
NATURAL AREA
Highland State Recreation Area, 12 miles west of
Pontiac. This area contains all of southern
Michigan's principal forest types in one small
tract, supporting 17 mammal and over 100 bird
species. (January 1976) Owner: State
Ontonagon and Gogebic Counties
PORCUPINE
MOUNTAIN
Large tract of white pine containing the best and
largest stand of virgin northern hemlock in the
Lake States, and is the largest relatively
undisturbed northern hemlock hardwood forest
west of the Adirondacks. Lake of the Clouds is
nestled within the virgin forest and presents a
spectacular view from the escarpment. Mirror
and Lily Pond lakes remain unspoiled. The
Presque Isle River, which cascades over falls and
rapids into Lake Superior, adds outstanding scenic
beauty. The area contains excellent examples of
wavecut beaches marking former glacial lake
shorelines. (December 1984) Owner: State
Roscommon County
•DEAD STREAM
SWAMP
(see Missaukee County)
ROSCOMMON VIRGIN
PINE STAND
Ten miles east of Roscommon. A State natural
area containing one of the best old-growth red-
pine stands in the Superior Upland natural region,
with evidence of fires in 1798, 1888, and 1928.
(November 1928) Owner: State
58
MICHIGAN
Schoolcraft County
*STRANGMOOR BOG Seney National Wildlife Refuge, southwest of
Seney. One of the most southern, undisturbed,
patterned or stringed bogs in the country,
resulting from the underlying arrangement of
sand knolls or extinct dunes on a sloping sand
plain. (November 1973) Owner: Federal
59
MINNESOTA (8)
Anoka County
'CEDAR CREEK
NATURAL HISTORY
AREA-ALLISON
SAVANNA
(extends into Isanti County)--30 miles north of
Minneapolis. Relatively undisturbed area where
three biomes meet (tall grass prairie, eastern
deciduous forest and boreal coniferous forest),
supporting 61 species of mammals and 183 species
of birds. A nationally and internationally famous
research center. (May 1975, February 1980)
Owner: State, Private
Beltrami County
UPPER RED LAKE
PEATLAND
The center of the site is 15 miles northwest of
Waskish. One of the largest peatlands remaining
in the conterminous United States illustrating a
variety of geological features and plant
associations, especially the dominant and rare
string bog, and an outstanding habitat for wildlife
including endangered species. (May 1975) Owner:
Federal, State, Private, Indian trust (Red Lake
Tribe)
Big Stone County
•ANCIENT RIVER
WARREN CHANNEL
(extends into Traverse County, Minnesota and
Roberts County, South Dakota) near Browns
Valley. A channel cut by the Ancient River
Warren during the Ice Age, containing the
Hudson Bay-Gulf of Mexico divide with a lake
on each side as evidence of the irregularities in
Ice Age sedimentation. (April 1966) Owner:
State, Private
Cass County
PINE POINT
RESEARCH NATURAL
AREA
Chippewa National Forest, 26 miles southeast of
Bemidji. Contains undisturbed stands of red pine
and mixed pine that have been protected for over
70 years, as well as bald eagle and osprey nests.
(February 1980) Owner: Federal
Clearwater County
*ITASCA NATURAL
AREA
Itasca State Park, 30 miles southwest of Bemidji,
the area contains some of the finest remaining
stands of virgin red pine, spruce-balsam fir, and
maple-basswood-aspen forest, supporting 141
bird and 53 mammal species, including bald
eagles. (November 1965) Owner: State
60
MINNESOTA
Isanti County
*CEDAR CREEK
NATURAL HISTORY
AREA-ALLISON
SAVANNA
(see Anoka County)
Koochiching County
*LAKE AGASSIZ
PEATLANDS
NATURAL AREA
30 mile south of International Falls. An example
of the extensive peatlands occupying the bed of
ancient glacial Lake Agassiz, illustrating the
process of peat accumulation over about 1 1,000
years. The area contains Myrtle Lake Bog, which
developed contrary to usual successional process
of lake filling, and is an excellent example of
both raised and string bogs. (November 1965)
Owner: State.
Lake County
KEELEY CREEK
NATURAL AREA
Superior National Forest, 12 miles southeast of
Ely. The area contains a large tract of
undisturbed mixed pine and black spruce forest
with rare mature jackpine stands and significant
upland bogs. (February 1980) Owner: Federal
St. Louis County
LAC LA CROIX
RESEARCH NATURAL
AREA
Boundary Waters Canoe Area, 24 miles northwest
of Ely. This area consists of old-growth virgin
pine forest, and contains most of the
physiographic and ecological features
characteristic of the Boundary Waters region.
(February 1980) Owner: Federal
Traverse County
*ANCIENT RIVER
WARREN CHANNEL
(see Big Stone County)
61
MISSISSIPPI (5)
Calhoun County
CHESTNUT OAK
DISJUNCT
16 miles north of Bruce. An isolated chestnut oak
stand well removed from its normal range,
surrounded by loblolly pine forest. (October
1966) Owner: Private
Madison County
'MISSISSIPPI
PETRIFIED FOREST
Scott County
17 miles north of Jackson. A relatively
undisturbed accumulation of ancient fir and
maple driftwood which was buried in Teritary
sands and subsequently covered with loess.
Surface water has eroded gullies and exposed the
logs. (October 1965) Owner: Private
BIENVILLE PINES
SCENIC AREA
Bienville National Forest, south of the town of
Forest. One of the largest protected old-growth
loblolly pine stands in the region. (May 1976)
Owner: Federal
*HARRELL PRAIRIE
HILL
Bienville National Forest, two miles southeast of
the town of Forest. Tall grass prairie that is one
of the last and most representative remnants of
the Jackson Prairie, a disjunct of the Black Belt
region in Mississippi and Alabama. (May 1976)
Owner: Federal
Sharkey County
*GREEN ASH-
OVERCUP OAK-
SWEETGUM
RESEARCH NATURAL
AREAS
Delta National Forest, three noncontiguous tracts
that are 18 miles west-northwest of Yazoo City.
Contains three very rare remnants of virgin
bottomland hardwood forest remaining in the
Mississippi River delta region. Some of the oldest
sweetgum stands are 250 to 300 years old. (May
1976) Owner: Federal
62
MISSOURI (16)
Barton County
*GOLDEN PRAIRIE
Callaway County
*TUCKER PRAIRIE
Camden County
CARROLL CAVE
Clay County
*MAPLE WOODS
NATURAL AREA
16 miles northeast of Carthage. Example of an
essentially virgin tall grass prairie ecosystem
providing habitat for many species of flora and
fauna, including a large population of greater
prairie chicken. (May 1975) Owner: Private
Seven miles north-northwest of Fulton. Virgin
tall-grass prairie occurring within the transition
zone between the oak-hickory forest and typical
tall-grass prairie. (May 1975) Owner: Private
Dendritic system of subsurface karst streams and
tributaries. A dangerous cave which must not be
visited without owner permission. (May 1977)
Owner: Private
A nearly virgin sugar maple and mockernut
hickory forest; the combination of these two
forest species is rare in the region. (April 1980)
Owner: State
Crawford County
*ONONDAGA CAVE
Five mile southeast of Leasburg. The cave
contains an unusually large and varied number of
speleothems and a ponded stream with a mean
flow of about a million gallons per day. (April
1980) Owner: Private
Marion County
*MARK TWAIN AND
CAMERON CAVES
Two miles southeast of Hannibal. Two caves on
either side of a small valley, Cave Hollow, which
are exceptionally good examples of the maze type
of cavern development. (June 1972) Owner:
Private
63
MISSOURI
Mississippi County
*BIG OAK TREE
Oregon County
GRAND GULF
GREER SPRING
Phelps County
*MARMEC SPRING
This 80-acre site, located within Big Oak Tree
State Park, is approximately 12 miles southeast of
East Prairie. It is the only sizable known tract of
essentially virgin wet-mesic bottomland hardwood
forest remaining in the northern part of the
Mississippi Alluvial Plain section of the Gulf
Coastal Plain natural region. (May 1986) Owner:
State
A spectacular dolomite chasm located 8 miles
west of Thayer formed by the roof collapse of a
3/4-mile long cave passage as a result of
coalescence of adjacent sinkholes. Illustrates a
variety of processes by which karst topography
develops, including subterranean stream piracy.
(June 1971) Owner: Private
52 miles west of Poplar Bluff. The second largest
spring in the Ozarks which discharges into a high
quality, cascading stream. A very diverse forest
surrounds the spring and river. (April 1980)
Owner: Private
Maramec Spring Park, 8 miles southeast of St.
James. One of the large springs in the Missouri
Ozarks, and a source of water power from 1826 to
1877 for an ironworks, the ruins of which are still
visible. (October 1971) Owner: Private
Ripley County
*CUPOLA POND
St. Clair County
*TABERVILLE PRAIRIE
Mark Twain National Forest, 12 miles south-
southeast of Fremont. One of the most ancient
sinkhole ponds in the Ozark Plateaus, containing a
nearly pure stand of disjunct water tupelo.
(December 1974) Owner: Federal
Two and one-half miles north of Taberville. One
of the largest remaining virgin tall grass prairies
containing typical prairie flora and fauna. (May
1975) Owner: State
64
MISSOURI
Ste. Genevieve County
PICKLE SPRINGS
Stone County
*MARVEL CAVE
Taney County
♦TUMBLING CREEK
CAVE
Seven miles east of Farmington. A deep, forested
gorge containing one of the finest Pleistocene
relict habitats in Missouri, supporting numerous
relict herbaceous plant species including one rare
moss of tropical affinity and several plant species
characteristic of the Appalachian Mountains.
(May 1975) Owner: Federal
50 miles south of Springfield. Dome-shaped
sinkhole entrance, with giant domepits below
including one of the great dripstone units of all
Ozark caves. (June 1972) Owner: Private
A large, varied cave that contains the most
diverse fauna known for any cave west of the
Mississippi River, including a large-colony of the
endangered grey bat. This is a fragile cave that
can be critically damaged by unsupervised
visitation. (April 1980) Owner: Private
Warren County
WEGENER WOODS
One quarter mile north of Holstein. Rare,
essentially virgin oak-hickory dominated forest in
a condition of gradual change to a sugar maple
dominated forest, offering an opportunity to
study the composition and dynamics of the
presettlement condition of the Eastern Deciduous
Forest. (May 1975) Owner: Private
65
MONTANA (11)
Beaverhead County
RED ROCK LAKES
NATIONAL WILDLIFE
REFUGE
Two miles north of Lakeview. Relatively
undisturbed, high-altitude ecosystem types
representative of presettlement conditions,
including wetlands supporting waterfowl and
several uncommon species. Instrumental in the
survival of the trumpeter swan. (May 1976)
Owner: Federal
Big Horn County
CLOVERLY
FORMATION SITE
The area contains early Cretaceous vertebrate
fossils. (November 1973) Owner: Indian Trust
(Crow Tribe), Private
Carbon County
BRIDGER FOSSIL AREA
This site contains fossils of Deinonychus
antirrhopus, a new genus and species of
carnivorous dinosaur which was only about 3 feet
tall and 8 feet in length. (November 1973)
Owner: Federal
Carter County
•CAPITOL ROCK
30 miles southeast of Ekalaka. Remnant of the
once continuous blanket of Tertiary deposits that
covered much of the Great Plains. Late
Cretaceous, Paleocene, Oligocene, and Miocene
strata are well displayed. (December 1976)
Owner: Federal
Chouteau County
SQUARE BUTTE
49 miles east of Great Falls. An igneous rock
intrusion between sedimentary beds (a laccolith)
which provides one of the best examples of
banded magmatic rock in the United States, with
a clear distinction between dark and light
fractions. The butte's flat crest supports relatively
natural grassland communities. (August 1980)
Owner: Federal, Private
Gallatin County
MIDDLE FORK
CANYON
30 miles north of Bozeman. The area illustrates
rocks deformed by crustal movements that created
the Rocky Mountains, and includes an
outstanding example of a canyon cut across the
grain of the geologic structure by a superposed
stream. (May 1977) Owner: Federal, Private
66
MONTANA
Garfield County
HELL CREEK FOSSIL
AREA
Near Jordan. Fossils representative of large
dinosaurs, including Tyrannosaurus rex,
Ankylosaurus magniventris, Brachychampsa
fontana (oldest known true alligator), and
Triceratops prorsus (a horned dinosaur). (October
1966) Owner: Federal, Private
McCone County
BUG CREEK FOSSIL
AREA
East northeast of Hell Creek Fossil Area. The site
contains small mammal fossils. Taken together
with the Hell Creek Fossil Area, the two sites
span the decline of dinosaurs and beginning of
mammalian dominance. (May 1966) Owner:
Federal
Sanders County
GLACIAL LAKE
MISSOULA
Sheridan County
MEDICINE LAKE SITE
12 miles north of Perma. This was the largest of
several lakes impounded by the Cordilleran Ice
Sheet during the Quaternary period containing
flood ripples 15 to 50 feet high, 100 to 250 feet
broad, and from 100 yards to one-half mile long.
(May 1966) Owner: Private
20 miles north of Culbertson. An exceptional
example of the processes of continental glaciation,
including, till, outwash, eskers, kames, and
terrace deposits. A variety of grassland plant and
animal species are found here. (August 1980)
Owner: Federal
67
NEBRASKA (4)
Cherry County
•VALENTINE
NATIONAL WILDLIFE
REFUGE
25 miles south of Valentine. One of the few
remaining examples of the sandhill tall grass
prairie ecosystem unique to the central Great
Plains. It provides habitat for many rare species.
(January 1976) Owner: Federal
Grant County
NEBRASKA SAND
HILLS
Located immediately south of Hyannis. It is the
largest sand dunes complex in the Western
Hemisphere. The site differs from other large
dunes of the world because it is almost completely
stabilized by vegetation. (December 1984) Owner:
State, Private
Lincoln County
•DISSECTED LOESS
PLAINS
Located 17 miles south-southwest of Brady, loess
(wind blown silt) deposits at this site are among
the thickest (200+ feet) in the Great Plains
Natural Region and in North America. Eroded
canyons and deep valleys that occur here reveal
the geological history of the Loess Plains better
than any other place in the Great Plains. It has
been well studied by geologists and described in
the scientific literature, and also contains good
examples of native vegetation. This 26,880-acre
site is located near the Nebraska Sand Hills, the
origin of much of the loess found in the Loess
Plains. The 10,420-acre Loess Hills National
Natural Landmark, in Monona and Harrison
Counties, Iowa, complements this site as an
exceptional illustration of constructional
topography, in contrast to the erosional
topography found here. (November 1987) Owner:
Private
Sarpy County
*FONTENELLE FOREST
One mile south of Omaha. The largest virgin
forest in the State, also containing high bluffs,
river flood plain of the Missouri River and 20
acres of true prairie. (March 1964) Owner:
Private
68
NEVADA (6)
Clark County
•VALLEY OF FIRE
Elko County
RUBY MARSH
Nye County
•HOT CREEK SPRINGS
AND MARSH
35 miles northeast of Las Vegas. An outstanding
example of overthrusting a great fold that has
been exposed through erosion processes creating
hugh rock formations, deep canyons, and a great
variety of colors. The area supports gila monsters
in the northern extreme of their range. (April
1968) Owner: State
(extends into White Pine County)--Ruby Lake
National Wildlife Refuge, 50 miles south-
southeast of Elko. One of the largest and finest
natural wetlands in the State, and a stopover and
nesting area for many migratory birds, including
the greater sandhill crane and trumpeter swan.
(November 1972) Owner: Federal
35 miles south of Lund. The White River
springfish, a relict species, is found in large
numbers here. The area is outstanding both as a
spring and wetland area. (November 1972)
Owner: State
ICHTHYOSAUR SITE
Within Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park, 20 miles
east of Gabbs. The only known site containing
fossil remains of 37 of the largest form of
ichthyosaur, some up to 45 feet in length. (May
1973) Owner: Federal
LUNAR CRATER
70 miles east-northeast of Tonopah. A 400-acre
depression that is though to have been formed by
a past volcanic explosion, and one of two maars
in the volcanic field of the Pancake Range. (May
1973) Owner: Federal
TIMBER MOUNTAIN
CALDERA
Nellis Air Force Gunnery Range and Nevada Test
Site. A restricted area containing a remnant of an
elliptical caldera developed in the late Miocene
and early Pliocene, it covers 8 to 10 miles and is
surrounded by a moat-like depression extending
to the rim of an older caldera. (May 1973)
Owner: Federal
White Pine County
RUBY MARSH
(see Elko County)
69
NEW HAMPSHIRE (11)
Carroll County
*HEATH POND BOG
'NANCY BROOK
VIRGIN SPRUCE
FOREST AND SCENIC
AREA
'MADISON BOULDER
WHITE LAKE PITCH
PINE
Cheshire County
*MOUNT MONADNOCK
RHODODENDRON
NATURAL AREA
Two miles northeast of Center Ossipee. A prime,
unspoiled example of bog succession from open
water to sphagnum-heath spruce bog. (June
1972) Owner: State
(see Graton County)
Three miles north of Madison. A rectangular
granite boulder 83 feet long, 37 feet wide and 23
feet high. The largest known glacial erratic in
North America. (January 1970) Owner: State
Seven miles northeast of Center Ossipee. A
mature, undisturbed pitch pine and bur-oak
forest which is becoming rare in the Northeast.
(April 1980) Owner: State
This 4,578-acre site, located within the towns of
Jaffrey and Dublin about 80 miles northwest of
Boston is the type locality of a monadnock, or
isolated mountain remnant. In addition, the
mountain exhibits the conspicuous effects of
Pleistocene glacial erosion, including striations,
roche moutonnees or whalebacks, and an
oversteepened profile resulting from glacial
plucking. (May 1987) Owner: State, Private
13 miles south of Keene. A portion of
Rhododendron State Park in the New England-
Adirondacks natural region, this is the largest and
most viable stand of rhododendron known at the
northern extension of the species' range. (May
1982) Owner: State
Coos County
EAST INLET NATURAL
AREA
Northeast of the Second Connecticut Lake, 50
miles north of Berlin. Virgin spruce-fir forest
and spruce-tamarack bog in one unit. Excellent
for study of edaphic influences on environment.
(June 1972) Owner: Private
70
NEW HAMPSHIRE
♦FLOATING ISLAND
PONDICHERRY
WILDLIFE REFUGE
Two and one-half miles east-northeast of Erroll.
Superb ecological community illustrating
characteristic of a bog, pond, and river complex.
Last potential habitat in New Hampshire for two
endangered species-osprey and bald eagle. (June
1972) Owner: Private
Two miles northeast of Whitefield Airport in
Jefferson. A relatively stable bog-forest
supporting an unusual variety of birdlife. (June
1972) Owner: State, Private
Grafton County
*FRANCONIA NOTCH
16 miles south of Littleton. A deep gorge formed
by glacial movement, including landslide scars,
talus slopes and stream-cut gorges. (June 1971)
Owner: State
NANCY BROOK
VIRGIN SPRUCE
FOREST AND SCENIC
AREA
This 1,590-acre site, located approximately 6
miles northwest of Barlett, is probably the largest
virgin montane spruce forest in New England.
Additionally, the diversity of the landscape is
enhanced by landslides, steep valley walls,
waterfalls, boulder streams, ponds, beaver
clearings, mountain slopes, ridges, summits and
distant views. (May 1987) Owner: Federal
Strafford County
SPRUCE HOLE BOG
Two miles west-southwest of Durham. An
ecological community occupying a true kettle
hole, the last of six similar sites; five have been
destroyed. (June 1972) Owner: Municipal
71
NEW JERSEY (10)
Bergen County
♦PALISADES OF THE
HUDSON
Cape May County
*STONE HARBOR BIRD
SANCTUARY
(see New York)
In the southern end of Stone Harbor. The site is
used exclusively as a sanctuary for birds and is
probably the greatest single influence increasing
the heron populations in New Jersey. (October
1065) Owner: Private
Essex County
RIKER HILL FOSSIL
SITE
Middlesex County
PIGEON SWAMP
Morris County
*GREAT SWAMP
TROY MEADOWS
In Roseland. One of the only two known
localities of major size along the Northeastern
coast where large numbers of dinosaur footprints
are preserved in situ. (June 1971) Owner: County
About six miles south of New Brunswick. This
1,250 acre site contains a complex of habitats
from open ponds to upland hardwood forest. It is
significant because it contains a sizeable example
of mature inner coastal plain lowland hardwood
forest. (December 1976) Owner: State, Private
Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, seven
miles south of Morristown. Great Swamp is a
unique blend of unspoiled forest, swamp,and
marshland with many kinds of wildlife. (May
1966) Owner: Federal
One-half mile from Troy Hills. The area contains
the last unpolluted freshwater marsh of any size
in this region. It is an important habitat for a
variety of birds and animals. (November 1967)
Owner: State, Private
72
NEW JERSEY
Ocean County
♦MANAHAWKIN
BOTTOMLAND
HARDWOOD FOREST
Manahawkin Fish and Wildlife Management Area,
two miles southeast of Manahawkin. This site
contains a mature bottomland hardwood forest
dominated by sweetgum, red maple and black
gum. It is one of the finest remaining examples
of bottomland hardwood forest in the northern
Atlantic Coastal Plain region. (January 1976)
Owner: State
Passaic County
GREAT FALLS OF
PATERSON-
GARRETT
MOUNTAIN
Adjacent to the city of Paterson. Garrett
Mountain is an expansion of Great Falls of
Paterson National Natural Landmark (April 1967).
Together Great Falls of Paterson and Garrett
Mountain provide an excellent illustration of the
jointed basaltic lava flow which began a period of
extrusion and intrusion throughout eastern North
America in the early Mesozoic, influencing
present day landforms in this region. (January
1964) Owner: Municipal
Somerset County
*WILLIAM L.
HUTCHESON
MEMORIAL FOREST
Six miles west of New Brunswick. The site
contains a virgin mixed oak upland forest
dominated by white, red, and black oaks. It is
probably the best example of an old-growth
mixed forest in New Jersey. (December 1976)
Owner: State
'MOGGY HOLLOW
NATURAL AREA
Two miles east of Far Hills. A 90-foot gorge
which formerly was the outlet for ancient glacial
Lake Passaic. The area is a superlative
illustration of a phase of glaciation. (January
1970) Owner: Private
Warren County
'SUNFISH POND
Three miles northeast of the Delaware Water Gap.
A spring-fed mountain lake surrounded by a
hardwood forest. It is an outstanding illustration
of glacial sculpture. (January 1970) Owner: State
73
NEW MEXICO (12)
Chaves County
BITTER LAKE GROUP
MATHERS RESEARCH
NATURAL AREA
MESCALERO SANDS
SOUTH DUNE
Dona Ana County
KILBOURNE HOLE
Nine miles northeast of Roswell. Contains
sinkhole depressions formed by solution of
gypsum-bearing rocks and supports shrub-
grassland vegetation representative of the
northern Chihuahuan Desert. (August 1980)
Owner: Federal
41 miles east of Roswell. The best example of
shinnery oak-sand prairie community in the
southern Great Plains Natural Region. (May
1982) Owner: Federal
41 miles east of Roswell. The best example of an
active sand dune system in the southern Great
Plains Natural Region. A variety of successional
stages from active dunes to a climax shinnery
oak-sand prairie community is represented. (May
1982) Owner: Federal, State, Private
26 miles southwest of Las Cruces. An uncommon
volcanic feature known as a maar, which is a
depression caused by volcanic explosion that
emits little volcanic material except gas. (May
1976) Owner: Federal, Private
Harding County
*BUEYEROS
SHORTGRASS PLAINS
17 miles east of Bueyeros. An example of the
blue grama-buffalo grass prairie of the Great
Plains considered to be typical of the pre-cattle-
grazing era. Two of the three dominant natural
grazing animals (antelope and prairie dog) are still
in the area. (February 1980) Owner: Private
Lincoln County
BORDER HILLS
STRUCTURAL ZONE
FORT STATION CAVE
24 miles west of Roswell. One of the several
buckles on the Pecos slope located in otherwise
gently dipping Permian strata. (February 1980)
Owner: Federal, Private
Seven miles west of Lincoln. The cave is
characterized by very long and large open
passages containing distinctive examples of
selenite needles, starbursts, and velvet flowstone.
(May 1974) Owner: Federal
74
NEW MEXICO
•TORGAC CAVE
Rio Arriba County
*GHOST RANCH
20 miles southeast of Corona. Significant because
of its abundant and intricate gypsum speleothems.
The branching stalactite and helictite are so
distinctive that the cave lends its name to the
type: Torgac stalactites. (May 1974) Owner:
Federal
South of Canjilon. The tract is predominantly
shale and sandstone, and has yielded fossils,
including many well-preserved skeletons of
Coelophsis, the oldest and most primitive
carnivorous dinosaur. (January 1976) Owner:
Private
VALLES CALDERA
VALLES CALDERA
(extends into Sandoval County)--30 miles
northwest of Santa Fe. A large circular
depression, 12 to 15 miles in diameter, with
scalloped walls rising from a few hundred to
more than 2,000 feet above the present floor. It
is one of the largest calderas in the world. (May
1975) Owner: Private
(see Rio Arriba County)
San Juan County
*SHIP ROCK
Valencia County
GRANTS LAVA FLOW
35 miles west of Farmington. Ship Rock is an
outstanding example of an exposed volcanic neck
accompanied by radiating dikes; it towers 1,400
feet above the surround plain. (May 1975)
Owner: Indian trust (Navajo Tribe)
Extends 25 miles south from Grants. A classic
example of recent extrusive volcanism. It
contains lava flows that appear very fresh and
unweathered. Its gigantic pressure ridges,
collapse depressions, and lava tubes are
outstanding. (July 1969) Owner: Federal, State,
Private
75
NEW YORK (26)
Albany County
•BEAR SWAMP
Three miles south of Westerlo. A low, swampy
woodland consisting of red maple, yellow birch,
black ash, white elm, white pine, and hemlock.
Its most outstanding feature is the great laurel
covering 60 acres of the swamp. (May 1973)
Owner: Private
Allegany County
*MOSS LAKE BOG
Two miles southwest of Houghton. The site is a
classic example of a postglacial sphagnum bog
invading and filling a small kettle lake, with the
various stages of bog succession well illustrated.
(May 1973) Owner: Private
Cattaraugus County
*DEER LICK NATURE
SANCTUARY
Dutchess County
•THOMPSON POND
Genesee County
•BERGEN-BYRON
SWAMP
Four miles southeast of Gowanda. The area
includes a gorge that clearly illustrates exposed
stratifications of the Onondaga Escarpment, and
supports a mature northern hardwood forest.
(November 1967) Owner: Private
20 miles east of Kingston. The 75-acre, glacially
created pond is not more than four feet deep,
fringed by cattail marshes, with reeds and water
lilies in deeper water. Owner: Private
Between Bergen and Byron, 25 miles west of
Rochester. This site consists of an area of some
2,000 acres that is unusually rich in plant and
animal life. (March 1964) Owner: Private
FOSSIL CORAL REEF
Four miles northwest of Le Roy. An exposed
fossil site in an abandoned limestone quarry
surrounded by woodland. It is extremely rich in
fossil corals. (November 1967) Owner: Private
76
NEW YORK
*OAK ORCHARD
CREEK MARSH
Herkimer County
MOSS ISLAND
Jefferson County
•DEXTER MARSH
•IRONSIDES ISLAND
(extends into Orleans County)--Iroquois National
Wildlife Refuge, seven miles southeast of Medina.
The area is a relatively undisturbed marsh that is
rare for this part of New York State. (May 1973)
Owner: Federal
Within the city limits of Little Falls. The island
is part of an uplifted fault block of ancient
crystalline rock. It contains the best exposure of
glacial age potholes eroded by meltwater floods in
the eastern United States. (May 1976) Owner:
State
Two miles southwest of Dexter. The site is a
relatively undisturbed, extensive example of a
large bay-head marsh complex at the eastern end
of Lake Ontario. (May 1973) Owner: State
(extends into St. Lawrence County)--In the St.
Lawrence River, eight miles northeast of
Alexandria Bay. A glacially-scoured granite
knoll; the most significant feature is the breeding
colony of great blue herons. (April 1967) Owner:
Private
LAKEVIEW MARSH
AND BARRIER BEACH
Livingston County
•FALL BROOK GORGE
Monroe County
•HARTS WOODS
20 miles southwest of Watertown. One of the best
and most extensive marshlands that lie in
protected bays and behind barrier beaches along
eastern Lake Ontario. The marsh-swamp-pond
complex demonstrates great wetland diversity.
(May 1973) Owner: State
One and one-half miles south of Geneseo. One
of America's finest exposures of Upper and
Middle Devonian age strata. Significant fossil
remains are found at this site. (January 1970)
Owner: Private
Ten miles southeast of Rochester. A rare
remnant of the original beech-maple forest that
once occupied a large glaciated area extending
from southeastern Wisconsin to north-central New
York. (June 1972) Owner: Municipal
77
NEW YORK
MENDON PONDS
PARK
Onondaga County
♦ROUND LAKE
Orleans County
*OAK ORCHARD
CREEK MARSH
Rockland County
*HOOK MOUNTAIN
AND NYACK BEACH
STATE PARK
*IONA ISLAND MARSH
St. Lawrence County
♦IRONSIDES ISLAND
Saratoga County
♦PETRIFIED GARDENS
1 1 miles south of Rochester. A unique complex
of glacial features including kames, eskers, esker
fans, kettle holes, erratics, bogs, and ponds.
(November 1967) Owner: County
Green Lakes State Park, two miles northeast of
Fayetteville. The site contains one of 1 1
meromictic lakes reported in the United States,
and about 20 acres of outstanding virgin
mesophytic forest adjoin the lake. (May 1973)
Owner: State
(see Genesee County)
One mile north of Nyack . The area contains a
portion of the Palisade Sill. The geological
features are deposits charactertic of the filling of
basins that developed during rifting and opening
of the North Atlantic Basin 180-200 million years
ago. (April 1980) Owner: State
Two miles south of Fort Montgomery. A
brackish estuarine marsh in a near natural state
that fringes the Hudson River. Many rare plants
are found here. (May 1974) Owner: State
(see Jefferson County)
Four miles west of Saratoga Springs. The area
includes one of the best exposure of fossil reefs
made up of calcareous algae, known as
cryptozoon. (April 1967) Owner: Private
78
NEW YORK
Seneca County
'MONTEZUMA
MARSHES
Suffolk County
*BIG REED POND
Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge four miles
northeast of Seneca Falls. A marsh dominated by
broadleaved cattail. A small 100-acre within the
site is one of the best examples of undisturbed
swamp woodlands in New York or New England.
(May 1973) Owner: Federal
Three miles west of Montauk Point. The
freshwater pond supports a herd of whitetail deer
and other wildlife, and has no extensive man-
made development along its shoreline. (May
1973) Owner: County
GARDINER'S ISLAND
LONG BEACH ORIENT
STATE PARK
Tompkins County
•MCLEAN BOGS
Ulster County
*ELLENVILLE FAULT-
ICE CAVES
100 miles east of New York City, in Block Island
Sound off Long Island. The island is a breeding
ground for osprey and is an important habitat of
other fauna particularly waterfowl and shore
birds. (April 1967) Owner: Private
One mile south of Orient. One of the finest
remaining examples in New York of a sand-
gravel spit illustrating succession from salt marsh
to maritime forest. The area contains a breeding
colony of common and roseate terns, species
which are becoming scarce in other northern
Atlantic breeding grounds. (April 1980) Owner:
State
One and one-half miles east southeast of McLean.
The bogs contain rare plant species and one of the
best examples of a northern deciduous forest in
New York. (May 1973) Owner: Private
Five miles southeast of Ellenville. The largest
known exposed fault system in the United States,
along with a series of ice caves formed from fault
debris. (November 1967) Owner: Municipal
79
NEW YORK
Wavne County
•ZURICH BOG Nine miles north of Newark. A good example of
northern bog and bog forest vegetation that is
uncommon in north-central New York State.
(May 1973) Owner: Private
♦MIANUS RIVER Two miles south of Bedford. An exceptional
GORGE illustration of piedmont physiography and
geomorphology. It contains an excellent climax
hemlock forest. (March 1964) Owner: Private
80
NORTH CAROLINA (13)
Allegheny County
*STONE MOUNTAIN
Ashe County
LONG HOPE CREEK
SPRUCE BOG
Beaufort County
GOOSE CREEK STATE
PARK NATURAL
AREA
Brunswick County
GREEN SWAMP
(extends into Wikes County)- -Stone Mountain
State Park, nine miles southeast of Sparta. The
best example of a monadnock in massive granite
in North Carolina. Unique, endemic plants
persist on the granite outcrops. (May 1974)
Owner: State
(extends into Watauga County)--Ten miles north-
northeast of Boone. One of the rarest plant
communities of North Carolina and the southeast,
including American yew and buckbean. (May
1974) Private
Ten miles east of Washington. An excellent
example of a gently sloping mainland undergoing
rapid ocean transgression. Contains the following
diverse ecological units: brackish creeks and
marshes, marsh transition areas, river swamp
forest, and low pine forests. (April 1980) Owner:
State
Nine miles north of Supply. The largest and most
unique mosaic of wetland communities in the
Carolinas. The site is also a refuge for rare
animal species. (May 1974) Owner: Private
SMITH ISLAND
A 12,000-acre barrier island complex representing
one of the wildest and most primitive areas
remaining on the Atlantic Coast. Contains a relict
live oak forest, which is one of the best unaltered
examples of sand strand forest in existence, and a
system of stable sand dunes. Salt marshes, tidal
creeks, bays, and mudflats are used extensively
by aquatic birds, and island beaches provide
breeding habitat for loggerhead turtles. (October
1967) Owner: State, Private
81
NORTH CAROLINA
Dare County
NAGS HEAD WOOD
AND JOCKEY RIDGE
Davie County
♦ORBICULAR DIORITE
Hyde County
SALYER'S RIDGE
NATURAL AREA
New Hanover County
SMITH ISLAND
One and one-half miles northwest of Nags Head
and Bodie Island. The site illustrates the entire
series of dune development and plant succession
from shifting open dunes to forested stabilized
dunes. (May 1974) Owner: State, County,
Municipal, Private
An unusual plutonic igneous rock consisting of
hornblende, pyroxene, and feldspars. (August
1980) Owner: Private
On the western end of Mattamuskeet National
Wildlife Refuge, 5 miles north of Swanquarter.
Rare example of mature loblolly pine forest in
process of succession towards a deciduous forest.
(June 1983) Owner: Federal
(see Brunswick County)
Onslow County
BEAR ISLAND
Hammocks Beach State Park, 4 miles south-
southeast of Swansboro. The area contains one of
the largest and best examples of coastal ep;ian
landforms in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Dune
movement has created a dynamic landscape of
outstanding scenic beauty. (April 1980) Owner:
State
Surry County
•PILOT MOUNTAIN
Wake County
♦PIEDMONT BEECH
NATURAL AREA
Pilot Mountain State Park, 3 miles south of Pilot
Mountain. A classic monadnock that harbors
disjunct Blue Ridge Mountain vegetation (May
1974) Owner: State
William B. Umstead State Park, 7 miles northwest
of Raleigh. Perhaps the finest example of mixed
mesophytic forest in the eastern Piedmont of
North Carolina, with unusually fine climax stands
of beech in portions of the site. (May 1974)
82
Owner: State
NORTH CAROLINA
LONG HOPE CREEK
SPRUCE BOG
Wilkes County
*STONE MOUNTAIN
Yancey County
♦MOUNT MITCHELL
STATE PARK
(see Ashe County)
(see Alleghany County)
20 miles northeast of Asheville. Mount Mitchell
(6,684 feet above sea level) is the highest
mountain in the eastern half of the United States.
The park has the most extensive stand of Fraser's
fir remaining in America. (May 1974) Owner:
State
83
NORTH DAKOTA (4)
Billings County
*TWO-TOP MESA AND
BIG TOP MESA
Calvalier County
*RUSH LAKE
Kidder County
SIBLEY LAKE
Stutsman County
FISCHER LAKE
14 miles northwest of Fairfield. Both mesas, one
mile apart, are in a badlands terrain of
sandstones., siltstones and clay. The mesas are
characterized by an unbroken cover of grass on
flat relief. (October 1965) Federal
Five miles south of Hannah. A large shallow,
essentially undisturbed prairie pothole lake that is
an important staging area for waterfowl. (May
1975) Owner: Private
Five miles north of Dawson. A large permanent
alkaline lake, it provides a breeding and resting
area for one of the largest and most diverse
waterbird populations found in pothole lakes in
the State. (May 1975) Owner: State, Private
25 miles northwest of Jamestown. Highly
representative of the glacial moraine and pitted
outwash plain surface of North Dakota. The area
contains relatively undisturbed grassland and lush
prairie woodlands. (April 1980) Owner: State,
Private
84
OHIO (23)
Adams County
*BUZZARDROOST
ROCK-LYNX
PRAIRIE-THE
WILDERNESS
25 miles west of Portsmouth. The site contains a
number of different plant associations, including
many rare or uncommon species. Has an almost
50-year history of scientific observations. (April
1967, December 1974, February 1980) Owner:
Private
SERPENT MOUNT
CRYPTOEXPLOSIVE
STRUCTURE
(extends into Highland and Pike Counties)--31
miles southwest of Chillicothe. A structure of
undetermined origin exposed by differential
erosion. It is the smaller of two such outstanding
cryptoexplosive structures in the Interior Low
Plateaus and is the classic American example.
(February 1980) Owner: Private
Ashland County
*CLEAR FORK GORGE
Mohican State Park, four miles south of
Loudenville. A geologically significant area of
the Mohican River Valley that clearly shows
evidence of stream reversal due to the
Wisconsinan Glacier. (November 1967) Owner:
State
•CRALL WOODS
Dysart Woods
Five miles south-south-west of New London. A
near-virgin remnant maple-basswood-beech
hardwood forest representing the original
vegetation found in Ohio's glaciated till plain.
(December 1974) Owner: State
1 1 miles southwest of St. Clairsville. The area
contains one of the finest remaining samples of
the once superb white oak forests of eastern Ohio.
(April 1967) Owner: State
Butler County
*HUESTON WOODS
(extends into Preble County)--Hueston Woods
State Park, four miles north of Oxford. A
noteworthy example of beech-maple climax forest
that has never been cut. (April 1967) Owner:
State
85
Champaign County
•CEDAR BOG
Cedar Bog State Memorial, seven miles north of
Springfield. An excellent example of a marl
swamp, containing a white cedar stand preserved
in virgin condition. (April 1967) Owner: Private
Cuyahoga County
•ARTHUR B. WILLIAMS
MEMORIAL WOODS
•TINKERS CREEK
GORGE
Delaware County
•HIGHBANKS
NATURAL AREA
Eric County
•GLACIAL GROOVES
STATE MEMORIAL
Fairfield County
•BLACKLICK WOODS
Franklin County
•HIGHBANKS
NATURAL AREA
Within Mayfield. The site contains a remarkably
pristine remnant beech-maple forest, among the
finest timber stands remaining in the state of
Ohio. (December 1974) Owner: Municipal
12 miles southeast of Cleveland. Oak-hickory
and beech-maple-hemlock predominate in this
virgin forest. (November 1967) Owner:
Municipal
(extends into Franklin County)-- 13 miles north of
Columbus. A forested bluff overlooking the
Olentangy River and containing a diverse and
healthy herbaceous layer as well as outstanding
examples of oak-hickory, beech-maple, and flood
plain hardwood forests. The bluffs are crested
with a disjunct acid xeric community of lichens
and mosses. (February 1980) Owner: County
On Kelleys Island, 5 miles offshore from
Marblehead. This area is made up of very large
limestone glacial grooves that measure several feet
in depth. (November 1967) Owner: Private
One mile south of Reynoldsburg. The tract is an
outstanding example of relatively undisturbed,
old-growth beech-maple and swamp forest
communities of the type that once covered the
flat till plain of central Ohio. (December 1974)
Owner: County
(see Delaware County)
86
OHIO
Fulton County
*GOLL WOODS
Geauea County
•HOLDEN NATURAL
AREAS
Goll Woods State Park Forest, three miles
northwest of Archbold. One of the best
remaining examples of an oak-hickory dominated
forest in the State. (December 1974) Owner: State
(extends into Lake County)--30 miles east of
Cleveland. A complex of three natural areas;
Steblins Gulch, possessing geological formations
of Chardon, Brea sandstone, Bedford and
Cleveland types; Bole Forest, a northern
hardwood virgin forest; and Hanging Rock Farm,
a stand of natural northern hardwoods. The three
areas serve as a unique control for arboretum
lands abutting this landmark. (November 1967)
Owner: Private
WHITE PINE BOG
FOREST
Greene Countv
*CLIFTON GORGE
*GLEN HELEN
NATURAL AREA
Three miles south-south-west of Burton. The
only remaining near-virgin remnant white pine
boreal bog in Ohio. (January 1976) Owner:
Municipal, Private
Ten miles south of Springfield. The gorge is
exemplary of interglacial and postglacial canyon-
cutting into the dolomites of the Niagara
Escarpment. (April 1967) Private
In Yellow Springs. Yellow Springs has built a
travertine bowl around its pool. Downstream,
Yellow Spring Creek is deeply incised into the
dolomitic base rock. Old-growth hardwoods
dominate the surrounding valley. (October 1965)
Owner: Private
Hamilton County
*HAZELWOOD
BOTANICAL
PRESERVE
One-half mile east of Hazelwood. The highly
detailed study of its plant ecology by John G.
Segelken, published in 1929, makes this area an
ecological benchmark. (December 1974) Owner:
State
87
OHIO
Highland County
*FORT HILL STATE
MEMORIAL
Three miles north northwest of Sinking Spring.
Possesses excellent outcrops of Silurian,
Devonain, and Mississippian sedimentary
bedrock, a natural bridge, and an example of
glacial stream reversal. (December 1974) Owner:
Private
SERPENT MOUND
CYPTOEXPLOSIVE
STRUCTURE
(see Adams County)
Lake County
*HOLDEN NATURAL
AREAS
(see Geauga County)
'MENTOR MARSH
Near Painesville. The site consists of marsh
vegetation, aquatic plants, swamp and bottomland
forest, and upland forest. As a migration
stopover and year-around habitat for birds and
mammals, the site is a rarity in heavily populated
northern Ohio. (October 1964) Owner: State,
Private
Licking County
•CRANBERRY BOG
Pike County
SERPENT MOUNT
CRYPTOEXPLOSIVE
STRUCTURE
20 miles east of Columbus. The vegetation in this
cranberry sphagnum bog represents a relict of
glacial time. It is a "floating island" in Buckeye
Lake and is the only known bog of its type in
existence. (October 1968) Owner: State
(see Adams County)
Portage County
MANTUA SWAMP
Preble County
HUESTON WOODS
At the southeastern edge of Mantua. The area
contains many different wetland communities
including a flood-plain swamp forest, cattail
marshes, a beaver pond, and a relict boreal bog.
(January 1976) Owner: State, Private
(see Butler County)
88
OHIO
Wayne County
•BROWN'S LAKE BOG 1 1 miles southwest of Wooster. This site is one of
the few, well-preserved, virgin boreal bogs
remaining in a region where wetlands have been
drained for agricultural use. (April 1967) Owner:
Private
89
OKLAHOMA (3)
Alfalfa County
*SALT PLAINS
NATIONAL WILDLIFE
REFUGE
Four miles east of Cherokee. Largest inland
saline basin in the Central Lowlands Natural
Region of the United States. The site is used as
natural habitat by 75 percent of Nation's
whooping cranes. Also one of few remaining
habitats for inland least tern, snowy plover,
Canadian geese and avocets in southern Central
Lowlands. Important area for study of selenite
crystal formation. (June 1983) Owner: Federal
Canadian Canyon
DEVIL'S CANYON
McCurtain County
♦MCCURTAIN COUNTY
WILDERNESS AREA
22 miles west-southwest of El Reno. The
disjunct flora containing many mesic plant
species, and the close proximity of two distinct
vegetation types-oak woodland-tall grass prairie
ecotone and eastern deciduous forest vegetation-
form a unique ecological community. (December
1974) Owner: Private
The center of the site is 12 miles south of
Smithville. The site's overall size and high degree
of integrity make it a classic example of a xeric
upland oak-pine forest. (December 1974) Owner:
Federal, State
90
OREGON (6)
Benton County
WILLIAMETTE
FLOODPLAIN
This 682-acre site, located approximately 15 miles
south of Corvallis, represents the largest remaining
native unplowed example of bottomland interior valley
grassland in the North Pacific Border Natural Region.
All of these grasslands and shrubland communities
have become exceedingly rare as most have been
cultivated or converted to pastureland. (May 1987)
Owner: Federal
Deschutes County
*HORSE RIDGE
NATURAL AREA
16 miles southeast of Bend. The area is distinguished
by a high quality example of western juniper
woodland in vigorous condition. (April 1967) Owner:
Federal
'NEWBERRY CRATER
Deschutes National Forest, 24 miles-southeast of
Bend. The crater is a basin at the top of a dormant,
though young, volcano which is the largest Pleistocene
volcano east of the Cascade Range. (January 1976)
Owner: Federal
Lake County
*FORT ROCK STATE
MONUMENT
49 miles south-southeast of Bend. A striking example
of a circular, fort-like volcanic outcrop. (January
1976) Owner: State
Multnomah County
*CROWN POINT
24 miles east of Portland. A promontory rising nearly
vertically about 725 feet above the Columbia River.
It provides a strategic vantage point for observing a
classic illustration of riverine processes. (June 1971)
Owner: State
9!
OREGON
Wasco County
LAWRENCE MEMORIAL Located 27 miles northeast of Madras, this site is an
GRASSLAND excellent illustration of topography known as "biscuit
PRESERVE and scabland," formed in the Columbia Plateau by
frost action during the Wisconsin glaciation period of
the Pleistocene. This area is also known for its diverse
plant communities. (December 1984) Owner: Private
92
PENNSYLVANIA (25)
Berks County
*HAWK MOUNTAIN
SANCTUARY
30 miles north of Reading. It is a sanctuary for hawks
migrating along its ridge and a fine example of the
geology and ecology of the forested ridges of the
eastern Appalachians. (October 1965) Owner: Private
Bucks County
*MONROE BORDER
FAULT
Two miles south of Riegelsville. The fault illustrates
an episode of orogenic compression in which
Precambrian rocks were thrust northward over lower
Paleozoic deposits. (August 1980) Owner: State
Carbon County
HICKORY RUN
BOULDER FIELD
Hickory Run State Park, five miles southeast of White
Haven. A geologically significant field of unsorted,
loosely packed boulders that resulted from periglacial
conditions and that i unique in the country by reason
of its large size and low (one percent) gradient.
(November 1967) Owner: State
Centre County
*BEAR MEADOWS
NATURAL AREA
Six miles southeast of State College. The area includes
a shallow peat bog, and a surrounding buffer zone of
typical Appalachian forest. The vast accumulation of
pollen in the peat has helped understanding of
vegetational and climatic changes in this region.
(October 1965) Owner: State
Clarion County
*COOK FOREST
Cumberland County
♦FLORENCE JONES
REINEMAN WILDLIFE
SANCTUARY
Cook Forest State Park, one mile north of Cooksburg.
It is a significant relict of the forest type that once
covered northern Pennsylvania. Eastern white pine
predominates with some hemlock and mixed
hardwood. (November 1967) Owner: State
(extends into Perry County)--Eight miles northwest of
Carlisle. The area is a large, protected ecological
community that lies on the migration route of various
hawks. (November 1972) Owner: Private
93
PENNSYLVANIA
Erie County
*PRESQUE ISLE
TITUS AND
WATTSBURG BOGS
Fayette County
*FERNCLIFF
PENINSULA NATURAL
AREA
Near Erie. The isle is actually a peninsula or "flying
spit" formed by sands carried by the currents of Lake
Erie. It is an impressive illustration of this type of
formation. (November 1967) Owner: State
Two different bogs in excellent condition that are
representative of their ecosystem types and noted for
rare and unusual species among their rich but
divergent floras. (May 1977) Owner: Private
Ohiopyle State Park, 20 miles southeast of
Connellsville. This area is one of the best and most
typical late successional forests in the Allegheny
Mountains. (November 1972) Owner: State
Lancaster County
*FERNCLIFF
WILDFLOWER AND
WILDLIFE PRESERVE
Lawrence County
Three miles west of Wakefield. The vegetation in the
preserve, which is thought to be virgin, is an excellent
example of a mixed mesophytic forest. (November
1972) Owner: Private
MCCONNELL'S MILL
STATE PARK
40 miles north of Pittsburgh. An outstanding
geological example of land and watershed formation
indirectly resulting from glacial diversion of a stream.
(November 1972) Owner: State
Luzerne County
*THE GLENS NATURAL
AREA
(extends into Sullivan County)--In Ricketts Glen State
Park, 25 miles east of Williamsport. A relict eastern
deciduous forest containing examples of stream
erosion and spectacular waterfalls. (April 1968)
Owner: State
94
PENNSYLVANIA
McKearn County
*TIONESTA SCENIC
AND RESEARCH
NATURAL AREAS
(extends into Warren County)--Allegheny National
Forest, 7 miles south of Ludlow. The area is the
largest virgin forest in the hemlock-white
pine/northern hardwood forest regions of North
America. (May 1973) Owner: Federal
Monroe County
TANNERVILLE
CRANBERRY BOG
Five miles northwest of Stroudsburg. One of the best
developed boreal bogs in Pennsylvania and perhaps the
most southern black spruce- tamarack bog along the
eastern seaboard. (December 1974) Owner: Private
Perry County
BOX HUCKLEBERRY
SITE
FLORENCE JONES
REINEMAN WILDLIFE
SANCTUARY
Two miles south of New Bloomfield. One of the few
localities where the box huckleberry plant is found.
(April 1967) Owner: State
(see Cumberland County)
HEMLOCKS NATURAL
AREA
Tuscarora State Forest, 12 miles south of Blain. A
virgin forest that has more resemblance to the
hemlock-northern hardwood forests than to the oak-
chestnut forests in which it is located. (November
1972) Owner: State
♦SUSQUEHANNA
WATER GAPS
18 miles north of Harrisburg. An excellent, typical
example of a geological process that produces water
gaps. (April 1968) Owner: State
Philadelphia County
*TINICUM WILDLIFE
PRESERVE
Philadelphia. The area contains representative tidal
marsh flora and fauna and an excellent wildlife
population. (October 1965) Owner: Federal
WISSAHICKON
VALLEY
Fairmont Park, Philadelphia. A virtually untouched
valley, ecologically varied and complete, that exists
within the bounds of one of America's great
metropolitan areas. (March 1964) Owner: Municipal
95
PENNSYLVANIA
Snyder County
•SNYDER-
MIDDLESWARTH
NATURAL AREA
Five miles west of Troxelville. An outstanding
example of a relict forest composed predominantly of
hemlock, birch, and pine, with scattered oaks.
(November 1967) Owner: State
Sullivan County
*THE GLENS NATURAL
AREA
(see Luzerne County)
Tioga County
*PINE CREEK GORGE
REYNOLDS SPRING
AND ALGERINE
SWAMP BOGS
A 12 mile roadless stretch along Pine Creek between
Ansonia and Blackwell. It contains superlative
scenery, geologic and ecologic value, and is one of the
finest examples of a deep gorge in the eastern United
States. (April 1968) Owner: State
Tioga State Forest, three miles south of Leetonia.
Reynolds Spring Bog is one of the finest and most
representative high mountain bogs in the Allegheny
Mountains section of Pennsylvania. (December 1974)
Owner: State
Warren County
'HEARTS CONTENT
SCENIC AREA
TAMARACK SWAMP
'TIONESTA SCENIC
AND RESEARCH
NATURAL AREAS
Allegheny National Forest, 14 miles southwest of
Warren. A virgin forest consisting of white pine over
400 years old and hemlocks about 50 years younger.
(May 1973) Owner: Federal
Four miles northeast of Columbus. A large headwater
swamp occurring in a glacially blocked stream valley.
The two bogs are the finest example of kettle hole
bogs in this region. (May 1977) Owner: State
(see McKean County)
Wayne County
•LAKE LACAWAC
25 miles east of Scranton. One of the southernmost
lakes of glacial origin in the northeastern United
States. (April 1968) Owner: Private
96
PUERTO RICO (5)
BANO DE ORO NATURAL
AREA
CABO ROJO
MONA AND MONITA
ISLANDS
Caribbean National Forest, six miles southwest of
Luquillo. Contains virgin forest and is the only area
in Puerto Rico with subtropical wet forest and rain
forest, dwarf forest, and Pterocarpus in a contiguous
area. Also contains many endemic plant and animal
species. (April 1980) Owner: Federal
At the extreme southwestern tip of Puerto Rico. This
scenic site includes an excellent example of a tombolo
(tied island) with double spit, mangroves, beaches,
reddish cliffs, xeric vegetation, and seabird nesting
habitat. (April 1980) Owner: Federal
Two separate islands in the Caribbean, west of the
main island of Puerto Rico. The sea caves on these
islands are probably the largest, most extensive and
most unusual in the world. The islands harbor a
significant endemic biota and provide important
seabird rookery areas. (May 1975) Owner: Federal,
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
PUERTO MOSQUITO
One mile east of Esperanza. A deep inlet in the
cliffed southern coast of Vieques Island which is
considered the best example of a bioluminescent bay
in the United States. (August 1980) Owner: Federal,
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
RIO ABAJO FOREST
Nine miles south of Arecibo. An excellent example of
karst topography with numerous sinkholes and well-
developed tower karst. It is the only place in Puerto
Rico where the great Eocene-Oligocene unconformity
can be clearly seen. (February 1980) Owner:
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
97
RHODE ISLAND (1)
Washington County
*ELL POND Two miles southwest of Rockville. A kettle hole lake
bounded by a red maple-Atlantic white cedar swamp
and by steep granitic monadnocks. The combination
of a hydric plant community and a xeric plant
community within such a small area provides an
excellent opportunity for ecological research and
education. (May 1974) Owner: State, Private
98
SOUTH CAROLINA (6)
Berkeley County
♦FRANCIS BEIDLER
FOREST
Beaufort County
*ST. PHILLIPS ISLAND
(extends into Dorchester County)--35 miles northwest
of Charleston. One of the last large virgin stands of
bald cypress-tupelo gum swamp in the United States
with five major community types providing for a rich
diversity of species. (March 1979) Owner: Private
This 4,951 -acre barrier island is approximately four
miles in length and two miles wide. It is unique
among the barrier islands of Georgia, South Carolina
and northern Florida, because it exists in a nearly
undisturbed state with minimal development and past
consumptive use; it is also unique to the entire
Atlantic Coast for the pronounced multiple vegetated
beach dune ridges found there. (May 1986) Owner:
Private
Dorchester County
♦FRANCIS BEIDLER
FOREST)
(see Berkeley County)
Lancaster County
FLAT CREEK NATURAL
AREA AND 40 ACRE
ROCK
McCormick County
*JOHN DE LA HOWE
FOREST
54 miles northeast of Columbia. Contains the largest
remaining undisturbed granitic flat-rock outcrop in
the Carolina Piedmont. Flat-rock vegetation is in
good condition, including 13 rare or endemic species
and 20 other species characteristic of these outcrops.
Chestnut, oak, mockernut, hickory, sweetgum and
pignut hickory trees abound on the southeast facing
slopes. Flat Creek Dike is one of the thickest in
eastern North America (1,123 feet). Taken together,
these geological and biological features in such close
proximity represent an unusual outdoor laboratory.
(August 1984) Owner: Private
23 miles southwest of Greenwood. An old-growth
stand of oak-pine forest protected against fire and
timbering since 1797, and one of the best remaining
examples of this type forest in the Piedmont.
(January 1976) Owner: State
99
SOUTH CAROLINA
'STEVENS CREEK Pleistocene relict ecosystem harboring flora considered
NATURAL AREA unusual for its combination of plants in this southern
location due to unique microenvironmental conditions.
(March 1979) Owner: State
Richland County
CONGAREE RIVER 20 miles southeast of Columbia. The most extensive,
SWAMP mature cypress-gum swamp and bottomland hardwood
forest complex in the State and a sanctuary for
wildlife. (May 1974) Owner: Federal, Private
100
SOUTH DAKOTA (12)
Brule County
*RED LAKE
Charles Mix County
BIJOU HILLS
Custer County
*CATHEDRAL SPIRES
AND LIMBER PINE
NATURAL AREA
Fall River County
MAMMOTH SITE OF
HOT SPRINGS
Gregory County
*FORT RANDALL
EAGLE ROOST
Eight miles southeast of Chamberlain. One of the
largest remaining natural and unmanipulated prairie
pothole lakes, and a valuable waterfowl breeding and
resting area. (May 1975) Owner: State
23 miles northwest of Platte. An excellent example of
an erosional remnant of soft clays and shales capped
by a channel sandstone and quartzite. (January 1976)
Owner: Private
Custer State Park, 23 miles southwest of Rapid City.
An excellent, rare example of joint-controlled
weathering of granite, as well as a disjunct relict stand
of limber pine. (May 1976) Owner: State
Within the city limits of Hot Springs. This two-acre
tract contains one of the largest concentrations of
mammoth remains in the United States, as well as
bones of other vertebrates including peccary, bear,
coyote, camel, and rodents. (August 1980) Owner:
Private
Directly below the Fort Randall Dam, on the Missouri
River. Two endangered species, the bald and the
golden eagles, use this site as a prime winter roosting
area. (November 1967) Owner: Federal
Harding County
*THE CASTLES
20 miles east-southeast of Buffalo. Steep-walled, flat-
topped buttes standing 200 to 400 feet above the
surrounding prairie containing exposed rock of Upper
Cretaceous, Paleocene, Oligocene, and Miocene ages.
Cretaceous and Tertiary beds contain a variety of flora
and fauna fossils. (December 1976) Owner: Federal
101
SOUTH DAKOTA
Kingsbury County
*LAKE THOMPSON
Lake County
BUFFALO SLOUGH
Marshall County
*SICO HOLLOW
Eight miles southeast of De Smet. Largest natural lake
bed in South Dakota, containing a large undisturbed
and unmanipulated marsh. Also an outstanding
waterfowl breeding and resting area. (May 1975)
Owner: State
20 miles north of Sioux Falls. An excellent example
of a prairie pothole (a product of glacial activity), the
surrounding native emergent vegetation, and native
bluestem prairie. The area is used extensively by
many species of waterfowl and small mammals.
(August 1980) Owner: State
(extends into Roberts County)--Ten miles northwest
of Sisseton. The area displays many facets of natural
history, including the glacial story of the River
Warren, pothole lakes on the upland of Coteau,
grasslands and prairie, and ravines where eastern
deciduous forests grow. Includes the eastern face of
the escarpment of the Coteau des Prairies. (November
1967) Owner: State
Meade County
*BEAR BUTTE
Robert County
ANCIENT RIVER
WARREN CHANNEL
Five miles north of Fort Meade. A cone-shaped mass
of igneous rock standing alone, 1,300 feet above the
surrounding plains, which illustrates the geological
processes of igneous intrusion, folding and faulting,
and exposure by differential erosion. (April 1965)
Owner: State
(see Minnesota)
COTTONWOOD
SLOUGH-DRY RUN
Extends for 1 1 miles south of Victor. A glaciated
finger outlet of the world's largest Pleistocene glacial
lake, and a completely undisturbed wetland complex
which includes potholes, streams, shallow open water,
lakes, and marsh. (May 1975) Owner: State, Private
102
SOUTH DAKOTA
*SICA HOLLOW (see Marshall County)
Washabaueh County
*SNAKE BUTTE Pine Ridge Reservation. One of two types of sand
calcite deposits in the world. (November 1967)
Owner: Indian Trust (Oglaga Sioux Tribe)
103
TENNESSEE (13)
Coffee County
ARNOLD
ENGINEERING
DEVELOPMENT
CENTER NATURAL
AREAS
MAY PRAIRIE
Two non-contiguous tracts, respectively located four
miles south-southeast and seven miles southeast of
Manchester. Extremely rare virgin swamp forest and
pristine example of an open marsh; both tracts contain
disjunct plant species whose distribution is normally
confined to the Coastal Plain province. (December
1974) Owner: Federal
Three and one-half miles southeast of Manchester.
The largest and best relict prairie remaining in the
State. (May 1974) Owner: State
Cumberland County
GRASSY COVE KARST
AREA
Nine miles southeast of Crossville. One of the
Nation's best illustrations of karst development and
underground drainage, containing several smaller
caves within the area. (November 1973) Owner:
Private
Franklin County
DICK COVE
Two and one-half miles northwest of Sewanee. A
near-virgin forest important for study of mixed
mesophytic region and western mesophytic region
eastern deciduous forest relationships. (May 1973)
Owner: Private
Grundy County
CONLEY COUNTY
Two miles southeast of Viola. One of the most
spectacular and outstanding examples of a pit cave in
the United States. This cave is dangerous, and
entrance is limited to adequately equipped,
experienced speleologists. (November 1973) Owner:
Private
'SAVAGE GULF
25 miles southeast of McMinnville. The best and
largest virgin forest left in the mixed mesophytic
region of the Eastern Deciduous Forest. (June 1971)
Owner: State
104
TENNESSEE
Hardeman County
MCANULTY'S WOODS
Within in the city limits of Bolivar. Only known
example in western Tennessee of the upland forests of
the Mississippi Embayment section of the western
mesophytic forest region. (May 1973) Owner: Private
Lake County
*REELFOOT LAKE
Monroe County
*LOST SEA
(CRAIGHEAD
CAVERNS)
(extends into Obion County)-- 1 8 miles west-southwest
of Union City. An area of cypress swamps, saw-grass
jungles, water lily glades and scattered bodies of open
water formed in the winter of 1811-12 as a result of
shocks known as the New Madrid earthquake, the
most severe of any recorded in the country. The site
contains domes, sunken lands, fissures, sinks, sand
blows and large landslides. (May 1966) Owner: State
Five miles southeast of Sweetwater. Cavern system
including the largest known underground lake in the
country, an abundance of crystal clusters called
anthodites, stalactites and stalagmites, and a waterfall.
The area once yielded bones and footprints of a giant
Pleistocene jaguar. (November 1973) Owner: Private
Obion County
*REELFOOT LAKE
(see Lake County)
Rhea County
*PINEY FALLS
Van Buren County
'BIG BONE CAVE
Two miles north of Spring City. The area contains a
rare virgin mixed mesophytic forest stand
representative of the primeval Eastern Deciduous
Forest biome. (May 1974) Owner: State
Five miles west-northwest of Spencer. Site of
discoveries of the bones of Megalonyx jeffersoni and
other extinct animals. (November 1973) Owner: State
105
TENNESSEE
Warren County
CUMBERLAND Five miles east of McMinnville. One of the largest
CAVERN cave systems in the country. Two interconnecting
(HIGGINBOTHAM caves known to be at least 16 miles in extent
AND HENSHAW containing stalagmites and stalactites, helictites,
CAVES) flowstone, cave pearls, botryoidal coral, gypsum
flowers, needles, and pure white gypsum snow, as well
as a wide variety of cave life. (November 1973)
Owner: Private
Wilson County
*CEDAR GLADES Cedars of Lebanon State Forest, 10 miles south of
NATURAL AREA Lebanon. Unique cedar glade community, a rare and
endangered ecosystem. (November 1973) Owner: State
106
TEXAS (19)
Anderson County
CATFISH CREEK
Armstrong County
*PALO DURO CANYON
STATE PARK
Bailey County
MULESHOE NATIONAL
WILDLIFE REFUGE
20 miles northwest of Palestine. Best example of the
few remaining undisturbed riparian habitats in the
Western Coastal Plain. The site supports several
wildlife species rarely found elsewhere in Texas.
(June 1983) Owner: State
(extends into Randall County)--22 miles south-
southwest of Amarillo. The canyon cut by waters of
a fork of the Red River contains cross-sectional views
of sedimentary rocks representing four geological
periods and some Triassic and Pliocene vertebrate
fossils. (May 1976) Owner: State
59 miles northwest of Lubbock. The area contains
playa lakes (shallow, flat-bottomed depressions) and
shortgrass grama grasslands characteristic of the High
Plains. The lakes attract enormous seasonal
concentrations of waterfowl. (August 1980) Owner:
Federal
Bandera County
LOST MAPLES STATE
NATURAL AREA
(extends into Real County)--61 miles northwest of San
Antonio. An excellent illustration of Edwards Plateau
flora and fauna, and a relict population of bigtooth
maple. It contains the largest known nesting
population of the rare golden-cheeked warbler.
(February 1980) Owner: State
Blanco County
LITTLE BLANCO
RIVER BLUFF
The best example of the few remaining Edwards
Plateau limestone bluff plant communities in the
Great Plains Natural Region. The area supports
diverse flora, including an estimated 250 species in 25
families. (May 1982) Owner: Private
107
TEXAS
Burnet County
♦LONGHORN CAVERN
Cameron County
BAYSIDE RESACA
AREA
Longhorn Cavern State Park, 1 1 miles southwest of
Burnet. A cavern formed in limestone of Ordovician
age at least 450 million years old, unsurpassed as a
natural exhibit of features such as crystals of calcite,
potholes, solution domes, and channels and pits of
unusual geologic interest. (October 1971) Owner: State
Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, 28 miles
north of Brownsville. The area contains an excellent
example of a resaca, or meandering channel, which
supports a variety of vegetation including several
types of coastal salt marsh communities, and a number
of rare and unusual bird species which enter the
United States only at the southern tip of Texas.
(August 1980) Owner: Federal
Colorado County
*ATTWATER PRAIRIE
CHICKEN PRESERVE
55 miles west of Houston in Attwater Prairie Chicken
National Wildlife Refuge. The only significant
segment of Gulf Coastal Prairie that has rejuvenated
and restored itself through protection and proper
range management. The area now provides habitat for
the Attwater prairie chicken, an endangered species.
(April 1968) Owner: Federal
Comal County
♦NATURAL BRIDGE
CAVERNS
Ector County
*ODESSA METEOR
CRATER
16 miles west of new Braunfels. A multilevel cavern
system replete with beautiful and unusual "fried egg"
speleothems and intricate helictites. (October 1971)
Owner: Private
Ten miles southwest of Odessa. One of only two
known meteor sites in the country, the largest of two
meteor impact craters at the site being 550 feet in
diameter. Meteorites of nickel-iron composition have
been found within the craters and two square miles
north and northwest of them. (April 1965) Owner:
County
108
TEXAS
Edwards County
DEVIL'S SINK HOLE
Nine miles northeast of Rocksprings. A deep, bell-
shaped, collapsed limestone sink, the pit of which
flares into an extensive system of passageways and
caverns. It houses a colony of bats estimated to
number in the tens of millions. (October 1972)
Owner: Private
Gillespie County
♦ENCHANTED ROCK
(extends into Llano County)-- 12 miles southwest of
Oxford. A classic illustration of a batholith and of the
exfoliation process exposed on its dome-shaped
surface, composed on coarse-grained pink granite
uniform in composition and texture throughout, and
unique in the Llano Uplift area. (October 1971)
Owner: State
Hays County
*EZELL'S CAVE
Hildago County
'SANTA ANNA
NATIONAL WILDLIFE
REFUGE
Llano County
♦ENCHANTED ROCK
Within the city limits of San Marcos. Biologically
significant because it houses at least 36 species of cave
fauna, including six endemic aquatic species and one
major order of small crustaceans formerly thought to
have been restricted to the Mediterranean area.
(October 1971) Owner: Private
Seven miles south of Alamo. A living museum of the
lowland forested area of the Lower Rio Grande
Valley, containing jungle-like vegetation and
providing habitat for over 300 species of birds and
some rare mammals. (October 1966) Owner: Federal
(see Gillespie County)
Montague County
GREENWOOD CANYON
Along a tributary of the Braden Branch. A rich
source of Cretaceous fossils. (May 1975) Owner:
Private
109
TEXAS
Randall County
HIGH PLAINS
NATURAL AREA
*PALO DURO CANYON
STATE PARK
Real County
*LOST MAPLES STATE
NATURAL AREA
Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge, 26 miles
southwest of Amarillo. A grama-buffalo shortgrass
association of the High Plains region. (August 1980)
Owner: Federal
(see Armstrong County)
(see Bandera County)
Somervell County
*DINOSAUR VALLEY
Sutton County
*CAVERNS OF SONORA
Tarrant County
*FORT WORTH
NATURE CENTER
AND REFUGE
Dinosaur Valley State Park, four miles west of Glen
Rose. Fossil footprint trackways exposed in the bed
of the Paluxey River and tributary creeks that give
important information on the habits and locomotion of
large dinosaurs. (October 1968) Owner: State
16 miles southwest of Sonora. The cave displays
unusual formations, such as bladed helictites and
coralloid growths. (October 1965) Owner: Private
Within the city limits of Fort Worth. A portion of the
larger refuge containing remnants of the Fort Worth
Prairie. Also contains a unique oak-hickory forest
association called cross timbers, a riparian forest, and
limestone ledges and marshes. (November 1980)
Owner: Municipal
110
UTAH (4)
Emery County
•CLEVELAND-LLOYD
DINOSAUR QUARRY
Garfield County
LITTLE ROCKIES
Salt Lake County
*NEFFS CANYON CAVE
Washington County
•JOSHUA TREE
NATURAL AREA
Seven miles east of Cleveland. The quarry has
provided more than 10,000 fossil bones from at least
seven different genera of the Jurassic Period and
representing more than 60 individual animals.
Restricted access. (October 1965) Owner: Federal
43 miles south-southeast of Hanksville. The area
exhibits a particular type igneous structure of
fundamental significance in understanding geological
processes, and represents the classic site of such
formations to geologists around the world. (May
1975) Owner: Federal, State
Wasatch National Forest. An extremely dangerous
cave with no significant horizontal passages. Most
passages dip steeply at a 45-60 degree gradient. The
cave was formed by the capture of a surface stream.
(May 1977) Owner: Federal
Ten miles southwest of St. George. The only Joshua
tree forest in Utah and one of the northernmost stands
of tree yuccas in the county. Contains vegetation and
animals predominantly of Mohave Desert affinity.
(October 1966) Owner: Federal
111
VERMONT (11)
Addison County
BATTELL BIOLOGICAL
PRESERVE
Four miles east of Middlebury. A rare, undisturbed,
virgin hemlock- northern hardwoods climax forest.
(May 1976) Owner: Private
■CORNWALL SWAMP
Two miles southeast of Cornwall. The largest,
unbroken red maple swamp in the State. (November
1973) Owner: State, Private
LITTLE OTTER CREEK
MARSH
Bennington County
*FISHER-SCOTT
MEMORIAL PINES
Two miles north-northwest of Ferrisburg. An
outstanding, unspoiled example of a shallow water
marsh maintaining itself under prevailing natural
conditions. (May 1973) Owner: State, Private
Two miles north of Arlington. A unique stand of old-
growth white pine representing the culmination of the
white pine subclimax forest in New England, and
containing the largest pines in Vermont. (May 1976)
Owner: State
Chittenden County
♦CAMEL'S HUMP
MOUNT MANSFIELD
NATURAL AREA
(extends into Washington County)--Midway between
Montpelier and Burlington. An exceptional
illustration of the complex anticlinal deformation
which formed the Green Mountains, and the altitude-
related zonation of its biota, containing the second
largest extent of alpine-tundra vegetation in Vermont.
(April 1968) Owner: State
(extends into Lamoille County)--Three miles east of
Underhill Center. An isolated, little-disturbed site
with virgin spruce-fir forest on its upper slopes and
an exceptional alpine tundra area on the summit ridge,
(april 1980) Owner: State
Franklin County
FRANKLIN BOG
One mile east -northeast of Franklin. A magnificent
example of an unspoiled, large, cold northern
sphagnum-heath bog. (May 1973) Owner: Private
112
VERMONT
Lamoille Countv
MOLLY BOG
MOUNT MANSFIELD
NATURAL AREA
Orleans Countv
•BARTON RIVER
MARSH
'LAKE WILLOUGHBY
NATURAL AREA
Rutland Countv
GIFFORD WOODS
Washington Countv
•CAMEL'S HUMP
Three and one-half miles northeast of Stowe. A
beautiful, classic example of a small, early
successional, absolutely unspoiled cold northern bog.
(may 1973) Owner State, Private
(see Chittenden County
Three miles south of Newport. One of the best large,
shallow, freshwater marshes in New England. Ma-.
1973) Owner: State
Town of Westmore. The deepest lake in Vermont, and
an exceptionally fine example of a trough cut by
glacial scouring, containing multiple examples of the
work of glaciers. (November 1967) Owner State
Nine miles northeast Rutland. A prime example of
undisturbed, old-growth northern hardwood climax
forest. (April 1980) Owner: State
(see Chittenden County)
113
VIRGINIA (10)
Accomack County
•VIRGINIA COAST
RESERVE
Augusta County
GRAND CAVERNS
(extends into Northampton County)--Ten miles south
of Assateague Island. An extensive, relatively
undisturbed barrier island-lagoon complex serving as
a valuable refuge for migratory shorebirds and
waterfowl and for colonial nesting birds. (March
1979) Owner: Private
On the southern edge of Grottoes. The Caverns
contain unique shield formations as well as draperies,
flowstone, stalactites and stalagmites. (November
1973) Owner: Regional Park Authority, Private
Bath County
BUTLER CAVE-
BREATHING CAVE
One half mile north of Burnsville. A tract containing
two major cave systems, a 40-foot waterfall, a natural
bridge, unusually fine "floating" crystalline
formations, and an underground lake. (November
1973) Owner: Private
King George County
*CALEDON STATE
PARK
Nansemond County
GREAT DISMAL
SWAMP
Five miles north-northeast of King George. One of
the best examples of an old, undisturbed, oak-tulip
poplar-dominated virgin upland forest in the country.
(December 1974) Owner: State
20 miles southwest of Norfolk. A remnant of the
original Great Dismal Swamp containing geological
and ecological elements unique in the Nation. The
variety of flora and fauna makes it a superb outdoor
laboratory for the study of ecological processes. (June
1972) Owner: Federal
114
VIRGINIA
Orange County
MONTPELIER FOREST
This 200-acre site is located within Montpelier, the
estate of President James Madison, approximately five
miles southwest of Orange on both side of State Route
20. This site represents the best example of mature
forest dominated primarily by tulip poplar and
benzoin in the Piedmont natural region. The forest is
composed of mainly oak, hickory, and poplar, many
of which are believed to be between 200 and 300 years
old. The site has high diversity and possesses high
value to science and education. (November 1987)
Owner: Private
Page County
*LURAY CAVERNS
Rockbridge County
RICH HOLE
One and one-half miles west of Luray. A cave which
is ornately decorated with cascades, columns,
stalactites, stalagmites and pools. Discovered in 1878.
(November 1973) Owner: Private
George Washington National Forest, 13 miles
northwest of Lexington. An outstanding example of
a "cove" hardwood forest. A well-protected watershed
containing a virgin forest with remarkably large trees
of several species. (December 1974) Owner: Federal,
Private
Sussex County
'CHARLES C. STEIRLY
NATURAL AREA
Two miles of Dendron. An essentially virgin stand of
climax bald cypress-water tupelo swamp forest.
(December 1974) Owner: State
Virginia Beach
♦SEASHORE NATURAL
AREA
Virginia Beach. Parallel dunes densely wooded with
two distinct forest types of semitropical character and
a sanctuary for abundant wildlife. (April 1965)
Owner: State
115
VIRGIN ISLANDS (7)
St. Croix
GREEN CAY
SANDY POINT
SALT RIVER BAY
VAGTHUS POINT
St. John
LAGOON POINT
Two and one-half miles east of Christiansted, one-
quarter mile off St. Croix's northern shore. The cay
is the nesting ground for the American oyster catcher,
brown pelican and other shore birds. It is also one of
the only two islands where the St. Croix ground lizard,
now extinct on St. Croix and listed as an endangered
species still exists. (August 1980) Owner: Federal
One mile south of Frederiksted. The only place in the
United States which is regularly used for nesting by
the endangered leatherback sea turtle. In addition,
unique sand spits enclose a salt pond at this site.
(August 1980 Owner: Federal
Three and one-half miles northwest of Christiansted.
The best remaining stands of mangrove in the Virgin
Islands are found here, illustrating the zonation of red,
black, and white mangrove. (February 1980) Owner:
Virgin Islands Government, Private
The best-known locality for Upper Cretaceous fossils
in the Virgin Islands. (February 1980) Owner: Private
On the southeastern shore of St. John, between
Johnson Bay and Friis Bay. An excellent example of
a Caribbean fringing reef. The site also includes a
mangrove area and a salt pond. (February 1980)
Owner: Virgin Islands Government, Private
St. Thomas
COKI POINT CLIFFS
Three and one-half miles east of Charlotte Amalie.
These sea cliffs are one of the rare localities on St.
Thomas Island where fossils are found. (February
1980) Owner: Virgin Islands Government, Private
116
WASHINGTON (17)
Adams County
DRUMHELLER
CHANNELS
Located 12 miles south of Moses Lake, this 44,906
acre site is the most spectacular tract in the Columbia
Plateau Natural Region of "butte-and-basin" scabland,
an erosional landscape characterized by hundreds of
isolated, steep-sided hills surrounded by a braided
network of underfit channels. It represents and
illustrates the dramatic modification of the Columbia
Plateau volcanic terrain by late Pleistocene
catastrophic glacial outburst floods that occurred at a
scale remaining unparalleled on earth, either in the
geologic record or in historical account. (May 1986)
Owner: Federal, State and Private
Asotin County
GRANDE RONDE
FEEDER DIKES
25 miles south of Clarkston. The best example of
basalt dikes, the congealed feeder sources of the
Columbia River basalt plateau. The site illustrates
how these flows originated by eruption along multiple
fissures. (August 1980) Owner: Private
GRANDE RONDE
GOOSENECKS
20 miles south of Asotin. A 1,500-foot deep canyon
which follows a tortuous path along meanders,
illustrating regional uplift and forced entrenchment of
a stream. (April 1980) Owner: Federal, State, Private
Benton County
WALLULA GAP
(extends into Walla Walla County)-- 16 miles south of
Pasco. The largest, most spectacular, and most
significant of the several large water gaps through
basalt anticlines in the Columbia River basin. (August
1980) Owner: Federal, Municipal, Private
Clallam County
♦POINT OF ARCHES
Ten miles south of Cape Flattery. Relatively isolated
pristine spectrum of environmental conditions from
rocky tidelands to climax upland vegetation, and an
outstanding exhibit of sea action in sculpturing a
rocky shoreline. (June 1971) Owner: Federal, State
117
WASHINGTON
Douglas County
BOULDER PARK AND
MCNEIL CANYON
HAYSTACK ROCKS
This 4,368-acre area is composed of two adjacent sites
located about 19 miles and 8.5 miles, respectively,
from Chelan. Both sites together contain the greatest
concentration and most illustrative examples of glacial
erratics (large glacier-transported boulders) in the
Columbia Plateau natural region. They are the visible
products of dynamic glacier processes they provide
important evidence for the direction of movement and
location of glacier ice on the Columbia Plateau during
the last glaciation. Due to the lack of vegetation in
this area, these sites are also probably the most
illustrative examples of glacial erratics in the U.S.
(May 1986) Owner: State and Private
SIMS CORNER ESKER
AND KAME COMPLEX
This 31,1 20-acre site, located 1 7 miles north of Coulee
City, contains the best examples in the Columbia
Plateau natural region of landforms resulting from
stagnation and rapid retreat of the ice sheet during the
last glaciation. The ice stagnation features at the site,
including eskers and kame deposits, are highly visible
and well preserved owing to the arid climate and lack
of vegetation, and so are perhaps the most illustrative
of such features in the U.S. (May 1986) Owner:
Federal, State and Private
THE GREAT GRAVEL
BAR OF MOSES
COULEE
This 3,952-acre site, located 19 miles west of Coulee
City, contains the largest and best example of a
pendent river bar formed by catastrophic glacial
outburst floods that swept across the Columbia Plateau
prior to the last Pleistocene glaciation. The impressive
scale of this feature, deposited in Moses Coulee,
provides dramatic evidence for the violent flood
waters that formed and once filled the coulee. As a
constructional landform, it thus serves to complement
to Drumhellers Channels which was eroded during the
same flood events further downstream. (May 1986)
WASHINGTON
WITHROW MORAINE
AND JAMERSON
LAKE DRUMLIN
FIELD
This 67,840-acre site, located immediately adjacent to
Withrow, contains the best examples of drumlins and
the most illustrative segment of the only Pleistocene
terminal moraine in the Columbia Plateau natural
region. Both features together provide readily
observable evidence for the large-scale depositional
and erosional processes that accompany continental
glaciation; they are also the only such glacial features
in the world to show a clear geological relationship to
catastrophic flooding, which occurred prior to the last
advance of the ice sheet. (May 1986) Owner: Private
Grant County
DRUMHELLER
CHANNELS
(see Adams County)
♦GRAND COULEE
between Grand Coulee and Soap Lake. An illustration
of a series of geological events including outpourings
of lava, advance and recession of glacial ice formation
and retreat of waterfalls, and the cutting of the
Columbia River channel. (April 1965) Owner:
Federal, State, Private
Kittitas County
♦GINKGO PETRIFIED
FOREST
29 miles east of Ellensburg. Thousands of logs
petrified in lava flows containing an unusually large
number of tree species. Logs of the ginkgo tree,
rarely found as fossil wood, are located here.
(October 1965) Owner: State
UMTANUM RIDGE
WATER GAP
14 miles north of Yakima. One of the anticlinal ridges
in the Yakima Folded Ridges subsection of the
Columbia Basin, illustrating the geological processes of
tectonic folding and antecedent stream cutting.
(November 1980) Owner: Federal, State, Private
Okanogan County
DAVIS CANYON
This 415-acre site, located 12 miles southwest of
Okanogan, contains one of the largest and least
disturbed examples of antelope bitterbrush/Idaho
fescue shrub steppe remaining in the Columbia
Plateau natural region. (May 1986) Owner: State and
Private
119
WASHINGTON
Pierce County
NISQUALLY DELTA
Thurston County
*MIMA MOUNDS
NISQUALY DELTA
Walla Walla County
WALLULA GAP
(extends into Thurston County-- 15 miles east of
Olympia. An unusually fine example of an estuarine
ecosystem, and the only natural resting area for
migratory waterfowl in the southern Puget Sound
region. (June 1971) Owner: Federal, State, Private
One and one-half miles west of Little Rock. Prairie
containing unusual soil pimples of black silt-gravel
ranging in height from barely perceptible to a
maximum of seven feet. (May 1966) Owner: State
(see Pierce County
(see Benton County)
Whitman County
ROSE CREEK
PRESERVE
STEPTOE AND KAMIAK
BUTTES
10 miles northwest of Pullman, this site is considered
to be the best remaining example of the aspen phase
of the hawthorne/cow parsnip habitat type in the
Columbia Plateau. It is highly valuable for scientific
research. (December 1984) Owner: Private
50 miles south of Spokane. Isolated mountain peaks of
older rock surrounded by basalt, rising above the
surrounding lava plateau. Part of outliers of Couer d'
Alene Mountains of Idaho. (October 1965, April
1980) Owner: State, County, Private
120
WEST VIRGINIA (14)
Greenbrier County
ORGAN CAVE SYSTEM
LOST WORLD
CAVERNS
Monroe County
GREENVILLE
SALTPETER CAVE
Pendleton County
GERMANY VALLEY
KARST AREA
SINNETT-THORN
MOUNTAIN CAVE
SYSTEM
Pocahontas County
♦CRANBERRY GLADES
BOTANICAL AREA
*GAUDINEER SCENIC
AREA
Three miles southeast of Ronceverte, extending north
and south of Organ Cave. The largest cave system in
the State, containing seven caves, one of which is
Organ Cave. Noted also for its saltpeter troughs and
vats. (November 1973) Owner: Private
Two miles north of Lewisburg. Similar to Carlsbad
Caverns in New Mexico, these caverns feature
terraced pedestal-like stalagmites, flowstone, curtains,
rimstone, domepits, and waterfalls. (November 1973)
Owner: Private
One-quarter mile north of Greenville. The largest of
the saltpeter caves in West Virginia, containing
rimstone pools and saltpeter deposits. (November
1973) Owner: Private
Between Riverton and Mouth of Seneca. One of the
largest cove or intermountain karst areas in the
country, unique because all the ground water recharge
and solution activities are linked with percipitation
within the cove. (May 1973) Owner: Federal, Private
One-half mile northwest of Moyers. The cave
includes rooms at various levels connected by
crawlways and vertical shafts, waterfalls, and deep
pits. (November 1973) Owner: Private
Monongahela National Forest, five miles northwest of
Hillsboro. The largest and best example of "cranberry
glades" in West Virginia where natural cold air
drainage and moist substrate have provided an ideal
setting for a northern sphagnum bog. Contains three
major vegetation types: bog forest, shrub thickets, and
open glade. (December 1974) Owner: Federal
(extends into Randolph County)--Monongahela
National Forest, five miles north of Durbin. The best
of the remaining virgin red spruce forests in the State.
(December 1974) Owner: Federal
121
WEST VIRGINIA
SWAGO KARST AREA
Preston County
•CATHEDRAL PARK
*CRANESVILLE SWAMP
NATURE SANCTUARY
Three miles west of Marlington. A classic illustration
of features associated with karst topography and
terrain, including caverns and other passages.
(November 1973) Owner: Federal, Private
Four miles west of U.S. 219 on 50. Contains a
remnant virgin hemlock forest and dense thickets of
great rhododendron. A cool, poorly drained site.
(October 1965) Owner: State
(See Maryland)
'BLISTER RUN SWAMP
'GAUDINEER SCENIC
AREA
Monongahela National Forest, four miles northwest of
Durbin. A good, high-altitude balsam fir swamp,
probably the southernmost extension of this type of
forest, providing habitat for several uncommon and
rare plants. (December 1974) Owner: Federal
(see Pocohantas County)
'SHAVERS MOUNTAIN
SPRUCE-HEMLOCK
STAND
Monongahela National Forest, seven miles northwest
of Harman. An old growth red spruce-hemlock stand
called a " spruce flat", a disjunct component of the
more northern hemlock-white pine-northern
hardwood forest region. (December 1974) Owner:
Federal
Tucker County
*BIG RUN BOG
CANAAN VALLEY
Monongahela National , seven miles east of Parsons.
The area contains a relict Pleistocene high altitude
northern sphagnum-red spruce bog far south of its
normal range, with large numbers of rare plants and
animals. (December 1974) Owner: Federal
Five miles east of Davis. As a splendid "museum" of
Pleistocene habitats, the area contains an aggregation
of these habitats seldom found in the eastern United
States. It is unique as a northern boreal relict
community at this latitude by virtue of its size,
elevation and diversity. (December 1974) Owner:
Private
122
WEST VIRGINIA
'FISHER SPRING RUN Monongahela National Forest, 1 1 miles southeast of
BOG Davis. An excellent example of a sphagnum-red
spruce bog illustrating vegetation zonation.
(December 1974) Owner: Federal
123
WISCONSIN (18)
Ashland County
KAKAGON SLOUGHS
Bayfield County
•MOQUAH BARRENS
RESEARCH NATURAL
AREA
Buffalo County
CHIPPEWA RIVER
BOTTOMS
Two miles north of Odanah. An excellent
representative of a true freshwater delta by virtue of
its large size, complex mixture of marsh, bog and
dune vegetation types, and undisturbed condition.
Perhaps the finest marsh complex on the upper Great
Lakes. (November 1973) Owner: Indian trust (Bad
River Tribe), private
Chequamegon National Forest, 16 miles West of
Ashland. Representative of the jackpine-scrub oak
barrens (savannas) of the glacial outwash area of
northwestern Wisconsin. (February 1980) Owner:
Federal
One-half mile north of Wabasha, Minnesota. The
largest single stand of bottomland hardwood forest
along the once widespread post-glacial forest,
including a large great blue heron rookery.
(November 1973) Owner: Federal, State
124
WSICONSIN
Dane County
CAVE OF THE
MOUNDS
Located approximately 2 miles east of Blue Mounds
State Park and directly below Brigham Farms, this
cave provides an exceptional illustration of two
principal modes of limestone cave formation
(speleogenesis): the solution of cave passageways by
"vadose" water flowing above and also by "phreatic"
groundwater flowing below the water table. The
original portion of the cave was formed by phreatic
flow along intersecting joints, and later was enlarged
by vadose flow along an underlying fracture. Because
these different processes thus occurred in separate
joint systems, the cave also illustrates the importance
of fracture patterns in controlling speleogensis. In
addition, Cave of the Mounds is richly decorated with
cave formations (speleothems) of most known
varieties, including stalamites measuring 18 feet in
height, and exhibits many colorful displays of mineral
deposits, including pure calcite. The cave is formed
in a 300-foot thick formation of ordovician dolomite,
and is located within the unglaciated area of Wisconsin
15 miles west of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine. It
is managed for educational and commercial purposes
and is used extensively as a living laboratory by local
secondary schools, regional speleogical societies, and
various universities and museums from throughout the
Nation. (November 1987) Owner: Private
Door County
RIDGES SANCTUARY-
TOFT'S POINT-MUD
LAKE AREA
Two and one-half miles northeast of Baileys Harbor.
A series of sand ridges and swales with associated
boreal forest and bog vegetation, and unusually high
species diversity, as well as the best mixed stand of
large red and white pine, hemlock and northern
hardwoods on the western shore of Lake Michigan.
(November 1973) Owner: State
Fond du Lac County
♦SPRUCE LAKE BOG
Kettle Moraine State Forest, two miles northwest of
Dundee. A superb, unspoiled example of a northern
bog processing a relict flora and fauna from early
post-glacial times. (November 1973) Owner: State,
Private
125
WASHINGTON
Forest County
BOSE LAKE HEMLOCK
HARDWOODS
Grant County
•WYALUSING
HARDWOOD FOREST
Nicolet National Forest, 13 miles east of Eagle River.
A mature northern hardwood hemlock stand
containing the virgin stand of hemlock in Wisconsin
(February 1980) Owner: Federal
Wyalusing State Park, six miles north of Bagley. The
area exhibits high biological diversity illustrating nine
major vegetation types, and contains several rare plant
species and abundant wildlife, including some
endangered species. (November 1973) Owner: State
Green County
ABRAHAM'S WOODS
A remnant of regional climax maple -basswood forest,
rare in southern Wisconsin. (November 1973) Owner:
State
Iowa County
AVOCA RIVER-
BOTTOM PRAIRIE
47 miles west of Madison. The largest intact prairie
in Wisconsin, containing a nearly full complement of
species. (February 1980) Owner: State
Kenosha County
*CHIWAUKEE PRAIRIE
Five miles south of Kenosha. The best remaining wet
prairie in the State, a remnant of once widespread
vegetation along the southern shores of Lake
Michigan, including several rare plant species.
(November 1973) Owner: State, Private
Manitowoc County
POINT BEACH RIDGES
Marquette County
*SUMMERTON BOG
Eight miles northeast of Manitowoc. Alternating
ridges and swales formed by previous water levels of
Lake Michigan exhibit a range of successional
vegetation states. (February 1980) Owner State
Three miles southeast of Oxford. A relatively large,
undisturbed, and floristically diverse area illustrating
the slow, natural invasion of post-glacial plant
communities into a predominantly relict glacial
community, and providing habitat for many rare plant
and animal species. (November 1973) Owner: Private
126
WISCONSIN
Oneida County
FINNERUD FOREST
SCIENTIFIC AREA
An excellent representative of the northern coniferous
forest complex. One of the few sizeable areas in the
Lake States containing red pine forest over 100 years
of age. (November 1973) Owner: State
Ozaukee County
CEDARBURG BOG
Sauk County
BARABOO RANGE
Sawyer County
*FLAMBEAU RIVER
HEMLOCK-
HARDWOOD FOREST
West of Saukville. The largest and most outstanding
bog in southeastern Wisconsin, serving as a refugium
for many northern species of plants and birds and
providing habitat for a great variety of wildlife.
(November 1973 Owner: State, Private
30 miles northwest of Madison. An example of an
exhumed mountain range illustrating changing
landscape through geologic time. The climate, soils,
fauna and vegetation exhibit great local diversity.
(February 1980) Owner: State, Private
Flambeau River State Forest, 20 miles southwest of
Park Falls. The best and largest remnant of the old-
growth conifer-hardwood forest in Wisconsin.
Severely damaged by a windstorm in 1977, it is in the
process of regeneration. (November 1973) Owner:
State
Vernon County
KICKAPOO RIVER
NATURAL AREA
Between Ontario and La Farge. The area contains the
largest undisturbed concentration of exposed seeping
sandstone in the State, and is a good example of a
river in the Driftless Area with many entrenched
meanders. A combination of geologic factors creates
a multitude of microhabitats resulting in a highly
diverse ecological situation supporting many flora
species, some of which are endangered. (May 1975)
Owner: Federal, State
127
WYOMING (7)
Albany County
BIG HOLLOW
BONE CABIN FOSSIL
AREA
COMO BLUFF
Big Horn County
*CROOKED CREEK
NATURAL AREA
Carbon County
COMO BLUFF
Fremont County
RED CANYON
Niobrara County
LANCE CREEK FOSSIL
AREA
Seven miles west of Laramie. A 40 square-mile wind
deflation basin scoured out by high winds during a
prehistoric dry period, considered the largest
demonstrable example of its type in the 48 contiguous
States. (November 1980) Owner: State, Private
One of the most significant sites for Jurassic terrestrial
vertebrate fossils, including Jurassic mammals.
(November 1973) Owner: Private
Five miles east of Medicine Bow. Source of the first
and best examples of Jurassic mammals and the
discovery of 80 new vertebrate species. (May 1966,
November 1973) Owner: Federal, State
15 miles northeast of Lovell. A rich source of fossils
of Early Cretaceous land vertebrates. (May 1966)
Owner: Federal
(see Albany County)
15 miles south of Lander. A classic example of a
dissected cuesta, consisting of gently sloping plains
bounded on one edge by an escarpment. (November
1980) Owner: Federal, State, Private
25 miles north of Lusk. Represents one of the most
fossiliferous continental deposits of Mesozoic age
anywhere in the world. (April 1966, November 1973)
Owner: Federal, State, Private
Teton County
*TWO OCEAN PASS
On the Continental Divide in Teton National Forest,
50 miles northeast of Jackson. Waters from the
meadow at this pass divide to flow in opposite
directions, toward the Gulf of Mexico and toward the
Pacific Ocean. This is the point at which the Pacific
Drainage cutthroat trout crossed the divide into the
Mississippi Drainage. (October 1965) Owner: Federal
128
oU.S. G.P.O. 1989-250-102:00822
Clemson University
1604 004 718 195
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